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The Android Open Source Projectc24a8e62009-03-03 19:28:42 -08001/*
2 * Copyright (C) 2008 The Android Open Source Project
3 *
4 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
5 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
6 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
7 *
8 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
9 *
10 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
11 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
12 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
13 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
14 * limitations under the License.
15 */
16
Tao Baoac9d94d2016-11-03 11:37:15 -070017#include "verifier.h"
18
Doug Zongker54e2e862009-08-17 13:21:04 -070019#include <errno.h>
Elliott Hughes26dbad22015-01-28 12:09:05 -080020#include <stdio.h>
Tao Baoac9d94d2016-11-03 11:37:15 -070021#include <stdlib.h>
Elliott Hughes26dbad22015-01-28 12:09:05 -080022#include <string.h>
The Android Open Source Projectc24a8e62009-03-03 19:28:42 -080023
Elliott Hughes8febafa2016-04-13 16:39:56 -070024#include <algorithm>
Tao Baod7bf82e2017-03-18 09:24:11 -070025#include <functional>
Elliott Hughes8febafa2016-04-13 16:39:56 -070026#include <memory>
Tao Bao76fdb242017-03-20 17:09:13 -070027#include <vector>
Elliott Hughes8febafa2016-04-13 16:39:56 -070028
Tianjie Xu7b0ad9c2016-08-05 18:00:04 -070029#include <android-base/logging.h>
Tianjie Xu82566982018-10-10 15:44:17 -070030#include <openssl/bio.h>
David Benjamina86392e2016-04-15 20:22:09 -040031#include <openssl/bn.h>
Elliott Hughes8febafa2016-04-13 16:39:56 -070032#include <openssl/ecdsa.h>
Tianjie Xu82566982018-10-10 15:44:17 -070033#include <openssl/evp.h>
Elliott Hughes8febafa2016-04-13 16:39:56 -070034#include <openssl/obj_mac.h>
Tianjie Xu82566982018-10-10 15:44:17 -070035#include <openssl/pem.h>
36#include <openssl/rsa.h>
Tianjie Xu0dd96852018-10-15 11:44:14 -070037#include <ziparchive/zip_archive.h>
Elliott Hughes8febafa2016-04-13 16:39:56 -070038
39#include "asn1_decoder.h"
Tao Bao09e468f2017-09-29 14:39:33 -070040#include "otautil/print_sha1.h"
Doug Zongker211aebc2011-10-28 15:13:10 -070041
Elliott Hughes8febafa2016-04-13 16:39:56 -070042static constexpr size_t MiB = 1024 * 1024;
43
Kenny Root7a4adb52013-10-09 10:14:35 -070044/*
45 * Simple version of PKCS#7 SignedData extraction. This extracts the
46 * signature OCTET STRING to be used for signature verification.
47 *
48 * For full details, see http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3852.txt
49 *
50 * The PKCS#7 structure looks like:
51 *
52 * SEQUENCE (ContentInfo)
53 * OID (ContentType)
54 * [0] (content)
55 * SEQUENCE (SignedData)
56 * INTEGER (version CMSVersion)
57 * SET (DigestAlgorithmIdentifiers)
58 * SEQUENCE (EncapsulatedContentInfo)
59 * [0] (CertificateSet OPTIONAL)
60 * [1] (RevocationInfoChoices OPTIONAL)
61 * SET (SignerInfos)
62 * SEQUENCE (SignerInfo)
63 * INTEGER (CMSVersion)
64 * SEQUENCE (SignerIdentifier)
65 * SEQUENCE (DigestAlgorithmIdentifier)
66 * SEQUENCE (SignatureAlgorithmIdentifier)
67 * OCTET STRING (SignatureValue)
68 */
Tao Bao76fdb242017-03-20 17:09:13 -070069static bool read_pkcs7(const uint8_t* pkcs7_der, size_t pkcs7_der_len,
70 std::vector<uint8_t>* sig_der) {
71 CHECK(sig_der != nullptr);
72 sig_der->clear();
Kenny Root7a4adb52013-10-09 10:14:35 -070073
Tao Bao861c53c2017-03-20 17:09:13 -070074 asn1_context ctx(pkcs7_der, pkcs7_der_len);
75
76 std::unique_ptr<asn1_context> pkcs7_seq(ctx.asn1_sequence_get());
77 if (pkcs7_seq == nullptr || !pkcs7_seq->asn1_sequence_next()) {
Tao Bao76fdb242017-03-20 17:09:13 -070078 return false;
79 }
80
Tao Bao861c53c2017-03-20 17:09:13 -070081 std::unique_ptr<asn1_context> signed_data_app(pkcs7_seq->asn1_constructed_get());
82 if (signed_data_app == nullptr) {
83 return false;
Tao Bao76fdb242017-03-20 17:09:13 -070084 }
Kenny Root7a4adb52013-10-09 10:14:35 -070085
Tao Bao861c53c2017-03-20 17:09:13 -070086 std::unique_ptr<asn1_context> signed_data_seq(signed_data_app->asn1_sequence_get());
87 if (signed_data_seq == nullptr ||
88 !signed_data_seq->asn1_sequence_next() ||
89 !signed_data_seq->asn1_sequence_next() ||
90 !signed_data_seq->asn1_sequence_next() ||
91 !signed_data_seq->asn1_constructed_skip_all()) {
92 return false;
93 }
94
95 std::unique_ptr<asn1_context> sig_set(signed_data_seq->asn1_set_get());
96 if (sig_set == nullptr) {
97 return false;
98 }
99
100 std::unique_ptr<asn1_context> sig_seq(sig_set->asn1_sequence_get());
101 if (sig_seq == nullptr ||
102 !sig_seq->asn1_sequence_next() ||
103 !sig_seq->asn1_sequence_next() ||
104 !sig_seq->asn1_sequence_next() ||
105 !sig_seq->asn1_sequence_next()) {
106 return false;
107 }
108
109 const uint8_t* sig_der_ptr;
110 size_t sig_der_length;
111 if (!sig_seq->asn1_octet_string_get(&sig_der_ptr, &sig_der_length)) {
112 return false;
113 }
114
115 sig_der->resize(sig_der_length);
116 std::copy(sig_der_ptr, sig_der_ptr + sig_der_length, sig_der->begin());
117 return true;
Kenny Root7a4adb52013-10-09 10:14:35 -0700118}
119
xunchangf07ed2e2019-02-25 14:14:01 -0800120int verify_file(VerifierInterface* package, const std::vector<Certificate>& keys) {
121 CHECK(package);
122 package->SetProgress(0.0);
Doug Zongker54e2e862009-08-17 13:21:04 -0700123
Tao Bao5e535012017-03-16 17:37:38 -0700124 // An archive with a whole-file signature will end in six bytes:
125 //
126 // (2-byte signature start) $ff $ff (2-byte comment size)
127 //
128 // (As far as the ZIP format is concerned, these are part of the archive comment.) We start by
129 // reading this footer, this tells us how far back from the end we have to start reading to find
130 // the whole comment.
Doug Zongker54e2e862009-08-17 13:21:04 -0700131
132#define FOOTER_SIZE 6
xunchangf07ed2e2019-02-25 14:14:01 -0800133 uint64_t length = package->GetPackageSize();
Doug Zongker54e2e862009-08-17 13:21:04 -0700134
Tao Bao5e535012017-03-16 17:37:38 -0700135 if (length < FOOTER_SIZE) {
136 LOG(ERROR) << "not big enough to contain footer";
137 return VERIFY_FAILURE;
138 }
The Android Open Source Projectc24a8e62009-03-03 19:28:42 -0800139
xunchangf07ed2e2019-02-25 14:14:01 -0800140 uint8_t footer[FOOTER_SIZE];
141 if (!package->ReadFullyAtOffset(footer, FOOTER_SIZE, length - FOOTER_SIZE)) {
142 LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read footer";
143 return VERIFY_FAILURE;
144 }
The Android Open Source Projectc24a8e62009-03-03 19:28:42 -0800145
Tao Bao5e535012017-03-16 17:37:38 -0700146 if (footer[2] != 0xff || footer[3] != 0xff) {
147 LOG(ERROR) << "footer is wrong";
148 return VERIFY_FAILURE;
149 }
The Android Open Source Projectc24a8e62009-03-03 19:28:42 -0800150
Tao Bao5e535012017-03-16 17:37:38 -0700151 size_t comment_size = footer[4] + (footer[5] << 8);
152 size_t signature_start = footer[0] + (footer[1] << 8);
153 LOG(INFO) << "comment is " << comment_size << " bytes; signature is " << signature_start
154 << " bytes from end";
The Android Open Source Projectc24a8e62009-03-03 19:28:42 -0800155
Tao Bao553c7bd2017-03-18 07:33:26 -0700156 if (signature_start > comment_size) {
157 LOG(ERROR) << "signature start: " << signature_start << " is larger than comment size: "
158 << comment_size;
159 return VERIFY_FAILURE;
160 }
Tianjie Xu54ea1362016-12-16 16:24:09 -0800161
Tao Bao5e535012017-03-16 17:37:38 -0700162 if (signature_start <= FOOTER_SIZE) {
163 LOG(ERROR) << "Signature start is in the footer";
164 return VERIFY_FAILURE;
165 }
The Android Open Source Projectc24a8e62009-03-03 19:28:42 -0800166
Doug Zongker54e2e862009-08-17 13:21:04 -0700167#define EOCD_HEADER_SIZE 22
The Android Open Source Projectc24a8e62009-03-03 19:28:42 -0800168
Tao Bao5e535012017-03-16 17:37:38 -0700169 // The end-of-central-directory record is 22 bytes plus any comment length.
170 size_t eocd_size = comment_size + EOCD_HEADER_SIZE;
The Android Open Source Projectc24a8e62009-03-03 19:28:42 -0800171
Tao Bao5e535012017-03-16 17:37:38 -0700172 if (length < eocd_size) {
173 LOG(ERROR) << "not big enough to contain EOCD";
Doug Zongker54e2e862009-08-17 13:21:04 -0700174 return VERIFY_FAILURE;
Tao Bao5e535012017-03-16 17:37:38 -0700175 }
176
177 // Determine how much of the file is covered by the signature. This is everything except the
178 // signature data and length, which includes all of the EOCD except for the comment length field
179 // (2 bytes) and the comment data.
xunchangf07ed2e2019-02-25 14:14:01 -0800180 uint64_t signed_len = length - eocd_size + EOCD_HEADER_SIZE - 2;
Tao Bao5e535012017-03-16 17:37:38 -0700181
xunchangf07ed2e2019-02-25 14:14:01 -0800182 uint8_t eocd[eocd_size];
183 if (!package->ReadFullyAtOffset(eocd, eocd_size, length - eocd_size)) {
184 LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read EOCD of " << eocd_size << " bytes";
185 return VERIFY_FAILURE;
186 }
Tao Bao5e535012017-03-16 17:37:38 -0700187
188 // If this is really is the EOCD record, it will begin with the magic number $50 $4b $05 $06.
189 if (eocd[0] != 0x50 || eocd[1] != 0x4b || eocd[2] != 0x05 || eocd[3] != 0x06) {
190 LOG(ERROR) << "signature length doesn't match EOCD marker";
191 return VERIFY_FAILURE;
192 }
193
194 for (size_t i = 4; i < eocd_size-3; ++i) {
Tao Bao76fdb242017-03-20 17:09:13 -0700195 if (eocd[i] == 0x50 && eocd[i+1] == 0x4b && eocd[i+2] == 0x05 && eocd[i+3] == 0x06) {
Tao Bao5e535012017-03-16 17:37:38 -0700196 // If the sequence $50 $4b $05 $06 appears anywhere after the real one, libziparchive will
197 // find the later (wrong) one, which could be exploitable. Fail the verification if this
198 // sequence occurs anywhere after the real one.
199 LOG(ERROR) << "EOCD marker occurs after start of EOCD";
200 return VERIFY_FAILURE;
201 }
202 }
203
204 bool need_sha1 = false;
205 bool need_sha256 = false;
206 for (const auto& key : keys) {
207 switch (key.hash_len) {
208 case SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH: need_sha1 = true; break;
209 case SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH: need_sha256 = true; break;
210 }
211 }
212
213 SHA_CTX sha1_ctx;
214 SHA256_CTX sha256_ctx;
215 SHA1_Init(&sha1_ctx);
216 SHA256_Init(&sha256_ctx);
217
xunchangf07ed2e2019-02-25 14:14:01 -0800218 std::vector<HasherUpdateCallback> hashers;
219 if (need_sha1) {
220 hashers.emplace_back(
221 std::bind(&SHA1_Update, &sha1_ctx, std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2));
222 }
223 if (need_sha256) {
224 hashers.emplace_back(
225 std::bind(&SHA256_Update, &sha256_ctx, std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2));
226 }
227
Tao Bao5e535012017-03-16 17:37:38 -0700228 double frac = -1.0;
xunchangf07ed2e2019-02-25 14:14:01 -0800229 uint64_t so_far = 0;
Tao Bao5e535012017-03-16 17:37:38 -0700230 while (so_far < signed_len) {
xunchangf07ed2e2019-02-25 14:14:01 -0800231 // On a Nexus 5X, experiment showed 16MiB beat 1MiB by 6% faster for a 1196MiB full OTA and
232 // 60% for an 89MiB incremental OTA. http://b/28135231.
233 uint64_t read_size = std::min<uint64_t>(signed_len - so_far, 16 * MiB);
234 package->UpdateHashAtOffset(hashers, so_far, read_size);
235 so_far += read_size;
Tao Bao5e535012017-03-16 17:37:38 -0700236
xunchangf07ed2e2019-02-25 14:14:01 -0800237 double f = so_far / static_cast<double>(signed_len);
238 if (f > frac + 0.02 || read_size == so_far) {
239 package->SetProgress(f);
240 frac = f;
Tao Bao5e535012017-03-16 17:37:38 -0700241 }
242 }
243
244 uint8_t sha1[SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH];
245 SHA1_Final(sha1, &sha1_ctx);
246 uint8_t sha256[SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH];
247 SHA256_Final(sha256, &sha256_ctx);
248
Tao Bao76fdb242017-03-20 17:09:13 -0700249 const uint8_t* signature = eocd + eocd_size - signature_start;
Tao Bao5e535012017-03-16 17:37:38 -0700250 size_t signature_size = signature_start - FOOTER_SIZE;
251
252 LOG(INFO) << "signature (offset: " << std::hex << (length - signature_start) << ", length: "
253 << signature_size << "): " << print_hex(signature, signature_size);
254
Tao Bao76fdb242017-03-20 17:09:13 -0700255 std::vector<uint8_t> sig_der;
256 if (!read_pkcs7(signature, signature_size, &sig_der)) {
Tao Bao5e535012017-03-16 17:37:38 -0700257 LOG(ERROR) << "Could not find signature DER block";
258 return VERIFY_FAILURE;
259 }
260
261 // Check to make sure at least one of the keys matches the signature. Since any key can match,
262 // we need to try each before determining a verification failure has happened.
263 size_t i = 0;
264 for (const auto& key : keys) {
265 const uint8_t* hash;
266 int hash_nid;
267 switch (key.hash_len) {
268 case SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH:
269 hash = sha1;
270 hash_nid = NID_sha1;
271 break;
272 case SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH:
273 hash = sha256;
274 hash_nid = NID_sha256;
275 break;
276 default:
277 continue;
278 }
279
280 // The 6 bytes is the "(signature_start) $ff $ff (comment_size)" that the signing tool appends
281 // after the signature itself.
282 if (key.key_type == Certificate::KEY_TYPE_RSA) {
Tao Bao76fdb242017-03-20 17:09:13 -0700283 if (!RSA_verify(hash_nid, hash, key.hash_len, sig_der.data(), sig_der.size(),
284 key.rsa.get())) {
Tao Bao5e535012017-03-16 17:37:38 -0700285 LOG(INFO) << "failed to verify against RSA key " << i;
286 continue;
287 }
288
289 LOG(INFO) << "whole-file signature verified against RSA key " << i;
Tao Bao5e535012017-03-16 17:37:38 -0700290 return VERIFY_SUCCESS;
291 } else if (key.key_type == Certificate::KEY_TYPE_EC && key.hash_len == SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH) {
Tao Bao76fdb242017-03-20 17:09:13 -0700292 if (!ECDSA_verify(0, hash, key.hash_len, sig_der.data(), sig_der.size(), key.ec.get())) {
Tao Bao5e535012017-03-16 17:37:38 -0700293 LOG(INFO) << "failed to verify against EC key " << i;
294 continue;
295 }
296
297 LOG(INFO) << "whole-file signature verified against EC key " << i;
Tao Bao5e535012017-03-16 17:37:38 -0700298 return VERIFY_SUCCESS;
299 } else {
300 LOG(INFO) << "Unknown key type " << key.key_type;
301 }
302 i++;
303 }
304
305 if (need_sha1) {
306 LOG(INFO) << "SHA-1 digest: " << print_hex(sha1, SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH);
307 }
308 if (need_sha256) {
309 LOG(INFO) << "SHA-256 digest: " << print_hex(sha256, SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH);
310 }
Tao Bao5e535012017-03-16 17:37:38 -0700311 LOG(ERROR) << "failed to verify whole-file signature";
312 return VERIFY_FAILURE;
The Android Open Source Projectc24a8e62009-03-03 19:28:42 -0800313}
Doug Zongker6c249f72012-11-02 15:04:05 -0700314
Tianjie Xu0dd96852018-10-15 11:44:14 -0700315static std::vector<Certificate> IterateZipEntriesAndSearchForKeys(const ZipArchiveHandle& handle) {
316 void* cookie;
317 ZipString suffix("x509.pem");
318 int32_t iter_status = StartIteration(handle, &cookie, nullptr, &suffix);
319 if (iter_status != 0) {
320 LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to iterate over entries in the certificate zipfile: "
321 << ErrorCodeString(iter_status);
322 return {};
323 }
324
325 std::vector<Certificate> result;
326
327 ZipString name;
328 ZipEntry entry;
329 while ((iter_status = Next(cookie, &entry, &name)) == 0) {
330 std::vector<uint8_t> pem_content(entry.uncompressed_length);
331 if (int32_t extract_status =
332 ExtractToMemory(handle, &entry, pem_content.data(), pem_content.size());
333 extract_status != 0) {
334 LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to extract " << std::string(name.name, name.name + name.name_length);
335 return {};
336 }
337
338 Certificate cert(0, Certificate::KEY_TYPE_RSA, nullptr, nullptr);
339 // Aborts the parsing if we fail to load one of the key file.
340 if (!LoadCertificateFromBuffer(pem_content, &cert)) {
341 LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to load keys from "
342 << std::string(name.name, name.name + name.name_length);
343 return {};
344 }
345
346 result.emplace_back(std::move(cert));
347 }
348
349 if (iter_status != -1) {
350 LOG(ERROR) << "Error while iterating over zip entries: " << ErrorCodeString(iter_status);
351 return {};
352 }
353
354 return result;
355}
356
357std::vector<Certificate> LoadKeysFromZipfile(const std::string& zip_name) {
358 ZipArchiveHandle handle;
359 if (int32_t open_status = OpenArchive(zip_name.c_str(), &handle); open_status != 0) {
360 LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open " << zip_name << ": " << ErrorCodeString(open_status);
361 return {};
362 }
363
364 std::vector<Certificate> result = IterateZipEntriesAndSearchForKeys(handle);
365 CloseArchive(handle);
366 return result;
367}
368
Tianjie Xub5110de2018-10-23 23:31:43 -0700369bool CheckRSAKey(const std::unique_ptr<RSA, RSADeleter>& rsa) {
370 if (!rsa) {
371 return false;
372 }
373
374 const BIGNUM* out_n;
375 const BIGNUM* out_e;
376 RSA_get0_key(rsa.get(), &out_n, &out_e, nullptr /* private exponent */);
377 auto modulus_bits = BN_num_bits(out_n);
378 if (modulus_bits != 2048) {
379 LOG(ERROR) << "Modulus should be 2048 bits long, actual: " << modulus_bits;
380 return false;
381 }
382
383 BN_ULONG exponent = BN_get_word(out_e);
384 if (exponent != 3 && exponent != 65537) {
385 LOG(ERROR) << "Public exponent should be 3 or 65537, actual: " << exponent;
386 return false;
387 }
388
389 return true;
390}
391
392bool CheckECKey(const std::unique_ptr<EC_KEY, ECKEYDeleter>& ec_key) {
393 if (!ec_key) {
394 return false;
395 }
396
397 const EC_GROUP* ec_group = EC_KEY_get0_group(ec_key.get());
398 if (!ec_group) {
399 LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get the ec_group from the ec_key";
400 return false;
401 }
402 auto degree = EC_GROUP_get_degree(ec_group);
403 if (degree != 256) {
404 LOG(ERROR) << "Field size of the ec key should be 256 bits long, actual: " << degree;
405 return false;
406 }
407
408 return true;
409}
410
Tianjie Xu82566982018-10-10 15:44:17 -0700411bool LoadCertificateFromBuffer(const std::vector<uint8_t>& pem_content, Certificate* cert) {
412 std::unique_ptr<BIO, decltype(&BIO_free)> content(
413 BIO_new_mem_buf(pem_content.data(), pem_content.size()), BIO_free);
414
415 std::unique_ptr<X509, decltype(&X509_free)> x509(
416 PEM_read_bio_X509(content.get(), nullptr, nullptr, nullptr), X509_free);
417 if (!x509) {
418 LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read x509 certificate";
419 return false;
420 }
421
422 int nid = X509_get_signature_nid(x509.get());
423 switch (nid) {
424 // SignApk has historically accepted md5WithRSA certificates, but treated them as
425 // sha1WithRSA anyway. Continue to do so for backwards compatibility.
426 case NID_md5WithRSA:
427 case NID_md5WithRSAEncryption:
428 case NID_sha1WithRSA:
429 case NID_sha1WithRSAEncryption:
430 cert->hash_len = SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH;
431 break;
432 case NID_sha256WithRSAEncryption:
433 case NID_ecdsa_with_SHA256:
434 cert->hash_len = SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH;
435 break;
436 default:
437 LOG(ERROR) << "Unrecognized signature nid " << OBJ_nid2ln(nid);
438 return false;
439 }
440
441 std::unique_ptr<EVP_PKEY, decltype(&EVP_PKEY_free)> public_key(X509_get_pubkey(x509.get()),
442 EVP_PKEY_free);
443 if (!public_key) {
444 LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to extract the public key from x509 certificate";
445 return false;
446 }
447
448 int key_type = EVP_PKEY_id(public_key.get());
Tianjie Xu82566982018-10-10 15:44:17 -0700449 if (key_type == EVP_PKEY_RSA) {
450 cert->key_type = Certificate::KEY_TYPE_RSA;
451 cert->ec.reset();
452 cert->rsa.reset(EVP_PKEY_get1_RSA(public_key.get()));
Tianjie Xub5110de2018-10-23 23:31:43 -0700453 if (!cert->rsa || !CheckRSAKey(cert->rsa)) {
454 LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to validate the rsa key info from public key";
Tianjie Xu82566982018-10-10 15:44:17 -0700455 return false;
456 }
457 } else if (key_type == EVP_PKEY_EC) {
458 cert->key_type = Certificate::KEY_TYPE_EC;
459 cert->rsa.reset();
460 cert->ec.reset(EVP_PKEY_get1_EC_KEY(public_key.get()));
Tianjie Xub5110de2018-10-23 23:31:43 -0700461 if (!cert->ec || !CheckECKey(cert->ec)) {
462 LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to validate the ec key info from the public key";
Tianjie Xu82566982018-10-10 15:44:17 -0700463 return false;
464 }
465 } else {
466 LOG(ERROR) << "Unrecognized public key type " << OBJ_nid2ln(key_type);
467 return false;
468 }
469
470 return true;
471}