pigz/pigz.c

/* pigz.c -- parallel implementation of gzip
 * Copyright (C) 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Mark Adler
 * Version 2.1.6  17 Jan 2010  Mark Adler
 */

/*
  This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
  warranty.  In no event will the author be held liable for any damages
  arising from the use of this software.

  Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
  including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it
  freely, subject to the following restrictions:

  1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not
     claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software
     in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be
     appreciated but is not required.
  2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
     misrepresented as being the original software.
  3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.

  Mark Adler
  madler@alumni.caltech.edu

  Mark accepts donations for providing this software.  Donations are not
  required or expected.  Any amount that you feel is appropriate would be
  appreciated.  You can use this link:

  https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&hosted_button_id=536055

 */

/* Version history:
   1.0    17 Jan 2007  First version, pipe only
   1.1    28 Jan 2007  Avoid void * arithmetic (some compilers don't get that)
                       Add note about requiring zlib 1.2.3
                       Allow compression level 0 (no compression)
                       Completely rewrite parallelism -- add a write thread
                       Use deflateSetDictionary() to make use of history
                       Tune argument defaults to best performance on four cores
   1.2.1   1 Feb 2007  Add long command line options, add all gzip options
                       Add debugging options
   1.2.2  19 Feb 2007  Add list (--list) function
                       Process file names on command line, write .gz output
                       Write name and time in gzip header, set output file time
                       Implement all command line options except --recursive
                       Add --keep option to prevent deleting input files
                       Add thread tracing information with -vv used
                       Copy crc32_combine() from zlib (possible thread issue)
   1.3    25 Feb 2007  Implement --recursive
                       Expand help to show all options
                       Show help if no arguments or output piping are provided
                       Process options in GZIP environment variable
                       Add progress indicator to write thread if --verbose
   1.4     4 Mar 2007  Add --independent to facilitate damaged file recovery
                       Reallocate jobs for new --blocksize or --processes
                       Do not delete original if writing to stdout
                       Allow --processes 1, which does no threading
                       Add NOTHREAD define to compile without threads
                       Incorporate license text from zlib in source code
   1.5    25 Mar 2007  Reinitialize jobs for new compression level
                       Copy attributes and owner from input file to output file
                       Add decompression and testing
                       Add -lt (or -ltv) to show all entries and proper lengths
                       Add decompression, testing, listing of LZW (.Z) files
                       Only generate and show trace log if DEBUG defined
                       Take "-" argument to mean read file from stdin
   1.6    30 Mar 2007  Add zlib stream compression (--zlib), and decompression
   1.7    29 Apr 2007  Decompress first entry of a zip file (if deflated)
                       Avoid empty deflate blocks at end of deflate stream
                       Show zlib check value (Adler-32) when listing
                       Don't complain when decompressing empty file
                       Warn about trailing junk for gzip and zlib streams
                       Make listings consistent, ignore gzip extra flags
                       Add zip stream compression (--zip)
   1.8    13 May 2007  Document --zip option in help output
   2.0    19 Oct 2008  Complete rewrite of thread usage and synchronization
                       Use polling threads and a pool of memory buffers
                       Remove direct pthread library use, hide in yarn.c
   2.0.1  20 Oct 2008  Check version of zlib at compile time, need >= 1.2.3
   2.1    24 Oct 2008  Decompress with read, write, inflate, and check threads
                       Remove spurious use of ctime_r(), ctime() more portable
                       Change application of job->calc lock to be a semaphore
                       Detect size of off_t at run time to select %lu vs. %llu
                       #define large file support macro even if not __linux__
                       Remove _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE, _FILE_OFFSET_BITS is enough
                       Detect file-too-large error and report, blame build
                       Replace check combination routines with those from zlib
   2.1.1  28 Oct 2008  Fix a leak for files with an integer number of blocks
                       Update for yarn 1.1 (yarn_prefix and yarn_abort)
   2.1.2  30 Oct 2008  Work around use of beta zlib in production systems
   2.1.3   8 Nov 2008  Don't use zlib combination routines, put back in pigz
   2.1.4   9 Nov 2008  Fix bug when decompressing very short files
   2.1.5  20 Jul 2009  Added 2008, 2009 to --license statement
                       Allow numeric parameter immediately after -p or -b
                       Enforce parameter after -p, -b, -s, before other options
                       Enforce numeric parameters to have only numeric digits
                       Try to determine the number of processors for -p default
                       Fix --suffix short option to be -S to match gzip [Bloch]
                       Decompress if executable named "unpigz" [Amundsen]
                       Add a little bit of testing to Makefile
   2.1.6  17 Jan 2010  Added pigz.spec to distribution for RPM systems [Brown]
                       Avoid some compiler warnings
                       Process symbolic links if piping to stdout [Hoffstätte]
                       Decompress if executable named "gunzip" [Hoffstätte]
                       Allow ".tgz" suffix [Chernookiy]
                       Fix adler32 comparison on .zz files
 */

#define VERSION "pigz 2.1.6\n"

/* To-do:
    - add --rsyncable (or -R) [use my own algorithm, set min/max block size]
    - make source portable for Windows, VMS, etc. (see gzip source code)
    - make build portable (currently good for Unixish)
    - add bzip2 decompression
 */

/*
   pigz compresses using threads to make use of multiple processors and cores.
   The input is broken up into 128 KB chunks with each compressed in parallel.
   The individual check value for each chunk is also calculated in parallel.
   The compressed data is written in order to the output, and a combined check
   value is calculated from the individual check values.

   The compressed data format generated is in the gzip, zlib, or single-entry
   zip format using the deflate compression method.  The compression produces
   partial raw deflate streams which are concatenated by a single write thread
   and wrapped with the appropriate header and trailer, where the trailer
   contains the combined check value.

   Each partial raw deflate stream is terminated by an empty stored block
   (using the Z_SYNC_FLUSH option of zlib), in order to end that partial bit
   stream at a byte boundary.  That allows the partial streams to be
   concatenated simply as sequences of bytes.  This adds a very small four to
   five byte overhead to the output for each input chunk.

   The default input block size is 128K, but can be changed with the -b option.
   The number of compress threads is set by default to 8, which can be changed
   using the -p option.  Specifying -p 1 avoids the use of threads entirely.
   pigz will try to determine the number of processors in the machine, in which
   case if that number is two or greater, pigz will use that as the default for
   -p instead of 8.

   The input blocks, while compressed independently, have the last 32K of the
   previous block loaded as a preset dictionary to preserve the compression
   effectiveness of deflating in a single thread.  This can be turned off using
   the --independent or -i option, so that the blocks can be decompressed
   independently for partial error recovery or for random access.

   Decompression can't be parallelized, at least not without specially prepared
   deflate streams for that purpose.  As a result, pigz uses a single thread
   (the main thread) for decompression, but will create three other threads for
   reading, writing, and check calculation, which can speed up decompression
   under some circumstances.  Parallel decompression can be turned off by
   specifying one process (-dp 1 or -tp 1).

   pigz requires zlib 1.2.1 or later to allow setting the dictionary when doing
   raw deflate.  Since zlib 1.2.3 corrects security vulnerabilities in zlib
   version 1.2.1 and 1.2.2, conditionals check for zlib 1.2.3 or later during
   the compilation of pigz.c.  zlib 1.2.4 includes some improvements to
   Z_FULL_FLUSH and deflateSetDictionary() that permit identical output for
   pigz with and without threads, which is not possible with zlib 1.2.3.  This
   may be important for uses of pigz -R where small changes in the contents
   should result in small changes in the archive for rsync.  Note that due to
   the details of how the lower levels of compression result in greater speed,
   compression level 3 and below does not permit identical pigz output with
   and without threads.

   pigz uses the POSIX pthread library for thread control and communication,
   through the yarn.h interface to yarn.c.  yarn.c can be replaced with
   equivalent implementations using other thread libraries.  pigz can be
   compiled with NOTHREAD #defined to not use threads at all (in which case
   pigz will not be able to live up to the "parallel" in its name).
 */

/*
   Details of parallel compression implementation:

   When doing parallel compression, pigz uses the main thread to read the input
   in 'size' sized chunks (see -b), and puts those in a compression job list,
   each with a sequence number to keep track of the ordering.  If it is not the
   first chunk, then that job also points to the previous input buffer, from
   which the last 32K will be used as a dictionary (unless -i is specified).
   This sets a lower limit of 32K on 'size'.

   pigz launches up to 'procs' compression threads (see -p).  Each compression
   thread continues to look for jobs in the compression list and perform those
   jobs until instructed to return.  When a job is pulled, the dictionary, if
   provided, will be loaded into the deflate engine and then that input buffer
   is dropped for reuse.  Then the input data is compressed into an output
   buffer sized to assure that it can contain maximally expanded deflate data.
   The job is then put into the write job list, sorted by the sequence number.
   The compress thread however continues to calculate the check value on the
   input data, either a CRC-32 or Adler-32, possibly in parallel with the write
   thread writing the output data.  Once that's done, the compress thread drops
   the input buffer and also releases the lock on the check value so that the
   write thread can combine it with the previous check values.  The compress
   thread has then completed that job, and goes to look for another.

   All of the compress threads are left running and waiting even after the last
   chunk is processed, so that they can support the next input to be compressed
   (more than one input file on the command line).  Once pigz is done, it will
   call all the compress threads home (that'll do pig, that'll do).

   Before starting to read the input, the main thread launches the write thread
   so that it is ready pick up jobs immediately.  The compress thread puts the
   write jobs in the list in sequence sorted order, so that the first job in
   the list is always has the lowest sequence number.  The write thread waits
   for the next write job in sequence, and then gets that job.  The job still
   holds its input buffer, from which the write thread gets the input buffer
   length for use in check value combination.  Then the write thread drops that
   input buffer to allow its reuse.  Holding on to the input buffer until the
   write thread starts also has the benefit that the read and compress threads
   can't get way ahead of the write thread and build up a large backlog of
   unwritten compressed data.  The write thread will write the compressed data,
   drop the output buffer, and then wait for the check value to be unlocked
   by the compress thread.  Then the write thread combines the check value for
   this chunk with the total check value for eventual use in the trailer.  If
   this is not the last chunk, the write thread then goes back to look for the
   next output chunk in sequence.  After the last chunk, the write thread
   returns and joins the main thread.  Unlike the compress threads, a new write
   thread is launched for each input stream.  The write thread writes the
   appropriate header and trailer around the compressed data.

   The input and output buffers are reused through their collection in pools.
   Each buffer has a use count, which when decremented to zero returns the
   buffer to the respective pool.  Each input buffer has up to three parallel
   uses: as the input for compression, as the data for the check value
   calculation, and as a dictionary for compression.  Each output buffer has
   only one use, which is as the output of compression followed serially as
   data to be written.  The input pool is limited in the number of buffers, so
   that reading does not get way ahead of compression and eat up memory with
   more input than can be used.  The limit is approximately two times the
   number of compression threads.  In the case that reading is fast as compared
   to compression, that number allows a second set of buffers to be read while
   the first set of compressions are being performed.  The number of output
   buffers is not directly limited, but is indirectly limited by the release of
   input buffers to the same number.
 */

/* use large file functions if available */
#define _FILE_OFFSET_BITS 64

/* included headers and what is expected from each */
#include <stdio.h>      /* fflush(), fprintf(), fputs(), getchar(), putc(), */
                        /* puts(), printf(), vasprintf(), stderr, EOF, NULL,
                           SEEK_END, size_t, off_t */
#include <stdlib.h>     /* exit(), malloc(), free(), realloc(), atol(), */
                        /* atoi(), getenv() */
#include <stdarg.h>     /* va_start(), va_end(), va_list */
#include <string.h>     /* memset(), memchr(), memcpy(), strcmp(), strcpy() */
                        /* strncpy(), strlen(), strcat(), strrchr() */
#include <errno.h>      /* errno, EEXIST */
#include <assert.h>     /* assert() */
#include <time.h>       /* ctime(), time(), time_t, mktime() */
#include <signal.h>     /* signal(), SIGINT */
#include <sys/types.h>  /* ssize_t */
#include <sys/stat.h>   /* chmod(), stat(), fstat(), lstat(), struct stat, */
                        /* S_IFDIR, S_IFLNK, S_IFMT, S_IFREG */
#include <sys/time.h>   /* utimes(), gettimeofday(), struct timeval */
#include <unistd.h>     /* unlink(), _exit(), read(), write(), close(), */
                        /* lseek(), isatty(), chown() */
#include <fcntl.h>      /* open(), O_CREAT, O_EXCL, O_RDONLY, O_TRUNC, */
                        /* O_WRONLY */
#include <dirent.h>     /* opendir(), readdir(), closedir(), DIR, */
                        /* struct dirent */
#include <limits.h>     /* PATH_MAX */

#include "zlib.h"       /* deflateInit2(), deflateReset(), deflate(), */
                        /* deflateEnd(), deflateSetDictionary(), crc32(),
                           inflateBackInit(), inflateBack(), inflateBackEnd(),
                           Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION, Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY,
                           Z_DEFLATED, Z_NO_FLUSH, Z_NULL, Z_OK,
                           Z_SYNC_FLUSH, z_stream */
#if !defined(ZLIB_VERNUM) || ZLIB_VERNUM < 0x1230
#  error Need zlib version 1.2.3 or later
#endif

#ifndef NOTHREAD
#  include "yarn.h"     /* thread, launch(), join(), join_all(), */
                        /* lock, new_lock(), possess(), twist(), wait_for(),
                           release(), peek_lock(), free_lock(), yarn_name */
#endif

/* for local functions and globals */
#define local static

/* prevent end-of-line conversions on MSDOSish operating systems */
#if defined(MSDOS) || defined(OS2) || defined(WIN32) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
#  include <io.h>       /* setmode(), O_BINARY */
#  define SET_BINARY_MODE(fd) setmode(fd, O_BINARY)
#else
#  define SET_BINARY_MODE(fd)
#endif

/* release an allocated pointer, if allocated, and mark as unallocated */
#define RELEASE(ptr) \
    do { \
        if ((ptr) != NULL) { \
            free(ptr); \
            ptr = NULL; \
        } \
    } while (0)

/* globals (modified by main thread only when it's the only thread) */
local int ind;              /* input file descriptor */
local int outd;             /* output file descriptor */
local char in[PATH_MAX+1];  /* input file name (accommodate recursion) */
local char *out = NULL;     /* output file name (allocated if not NULL) */
local int verbosity;        /* 0 = quiet, 1 = normal, 2 = verbose, 3 = trace */
local int headis;           /* 1 to store name, 2 to store date, 3 both */
local int pipeout;          /* write output to stdout even if file */
local int keep;             /* true to prevent deletion of input file */
local int force;            /* true to overwrite, compress links */
local int form;             /* gzip = 0, zlib = 1, zip = 2 or 3 */
local int recurse;          /* true to dive down into directory structure */
local char *sufx;           /* suffix to use (".gz" or user supplied) */
local char *name;           /* name for gzip header */
local time_t mtime;         /* time stamp from input file for gzip header */
local int list;             /* true to list files instead of compress */
local int first = 1;        /* true if we need to print listing header */
local int decode;           /* 0 to compress, 1 to decompress, 2 to test */
local int level;            /* compression level */
local int rsync;            /* true for rsync blocking */
local int procs;            /* maximum number of compression threads (>= 1) */
local int dict;             /* true to initialize dictionary in each thread */
local size_t size;          /* uncompressed input size per thread (>= 32K) */

/* saved gzip/zip header data for decompression, testing, and listing */
local time_t stamp;                 /* time stamp from gzip header */
local char *hname = NULL;           /* name from header (allocated) */
local unsigned long zip_crc;        /* local header crc */
local unsigned long zip_clen;       /* local header compressed length */
local unsigned long zip_ulen;       /* local header uncompressed length */

/* exit with error, delete output file if in the middle of writing it */
local int bail(char *why, char *what)
{
    if (outd != -1 && out != NULL)
        unlink(out);
    if (verbosity > 0)
        fprintf(stderr, "pigz abort: %s%s\n", why, what);
    exit(1);
    return 0;
}

#ifdef DEBUG

/* starting time of day for tracing */
local struct timeval start;

/* trace log */
local struct log {
    struct timeval when;    /* time of entry */
    char *msg;              /* message */
    struct log *next;       /* next entry */
} *log_head, **log_tail = NULL;
#ifndef NOTHREAD
  local lock *log_lock = NULL;
#endif

/* maximum log entry length */
#define MAXMSG 256

/* set up log (call from main thread before other threads launched) */
local void log_init(void)
{
    if (log_tail == NULL) {
#ifndef NOTHREAD
        log_lock = new_lock(0);
#endif
        log_head = NULL;
        log_tail = &log_head;
    }
}

/* add entry to trace log */
local void log_add(char *fmt, ...)
{
    struct timeval now;
    struct log *me;
    va_list ap;
    char msg[MAXMSG];

    gettimeofday(&now, NULL);
    me = malloc(sizeof(struct log));
    if (me == NULL)
        bail("not enough memory", "");
    me->when = now;
    va_start(ap, fmt);
    vsnprintf(msg, MAXMSG, fmt, ap);
    va_end(ap);
    me->msg = malloc(strlen(msg) + 1);
    if (me->msg == NULL) {
        free(me);
        bail("not enough memory", "");
    }
    strcpy(me->msg, msg);
    me->next = NULL;
#ifndef NOTHREAD
    assert(log_lock != NULL);
    possess(log_lock);
#endif
    *log_tail = me;
    log_tail = &(me->next);
#ifndef NOTHREAD
    twist(log_lock, BY, +1);
#endif
}

/* pull entry from trace log and print it, return false if empty */
local int log_show(void)
{
    struct log *me;
    struct timeval diff;

    if (log_tail == NULL)
        return 0;
#ifndef NOTHREAD
    possess(log_lock);
#endif
    me = log_head;
    if (me == NULL) {
#ifndef NOTHREAD
        release(log_lock);
#endif
        return 0;
    }
    log_head = me->next;
    if (me->next == NULL)
        log_tail = &log_head;
#ifndef NOTHREAD
    twist(log_lock, BY, -1);
#endif
    diff.tv_usec = me->when.tv_usec - start.tv_usec;
    diff.tv_sec = me->when.tv_sec - start.tv_sec;
    if (diff.tv_usec < 0) {
        diff.tv_usec += 1000000L;
        diff.tv_sec--;
    }
    fprintf(stderr, "trace %ld.%06ld %s\n",
            (long)diff.tv_sec, (long)diff.tv_usec, me->msg);
    fflush(stderr);
    free(me->msg);
    free(me);
    return 1;
}

/* release log resources (need to do log_init() to use again) */
local void log_free(void)
{
    struct log *me;

    if (log_tail != NULL) {
#ifndef NOTHREAD
        possess(log_lock);
#endif
        while ((me = log_head) != NULL) {
            log_head = me->next;
            free(me->msg);
            free(me);
        }
#ifndef NOTHREAD
        twist(log_lock, TO, 0);
        free_lock(log_lock);
        log_lock = NULL;
#endif
        log_tail = NULL;
    }
}

/* show entries until no more, free log */
local void log_dump(void)
{
    if (log_tail == NULL)
        return;
    while (log_show())
        ;
    log_free();
}

/* debugging macro */
#define Trace(x) \
    do { \
        if (verbosity > 2) { \
            log_add x; \
        } \
    } while (0)

#else /* !DEBUG */

#define log_dump()
#define Trace(x)

#endif

/* read up to len bytes into buf, repeating read() calls as needed */
local size_t readn(int desc, unsigned char *buf, size_t len)
{
    ssize_t ret;
    size_t got;

    got = 0;
    while (len) {
        ret = read(desc, buf, len);
        if (ret < 0)
            bail("read error on ", in);
        if (ret == 0)
            break;
        buf += ret;
        len -= ret;
        got += ret;
    }
    return got;
}

/* write len bytes, repeating write() calls as needed */
local void writen(int desc, unsigned char *buf, size_t len)
{
    ssize_t ret;

    while (len) {
        ret = write(desc, buf, len);
        if (ret < 1)
            fprintf(stderr, "write error code %d\n", errno);
        if (ret < 1)
            bail("write error on ", out);
        buf += ret;
        len -= ret;
    }
}

/* sliding dictionary size for deflate */
#define DICT 32768U

/* largest power of 2 that fits in an unsigned int -- used to limit requests
   to zlib functions that use unsigned int lengths */
#define MAX ((((unsigned)0 - 1) >> 1) + 1)

/* convert Unix time to MS-DOS date and time, assuming current timezone
   (you got a better idea?) */
local unsigned long time2dos(time_t t)
{
    struct tm *tm;
    unsigned long dos;

    if (t == 0)
        t = time(NULL);
    tm = localtime(&t);
    if (tm->tm_year < 80 || tm->tm_year > 207)
        return 0;
    dos = (tm->tm_year - 80) << 25;
    dos += (tm->tm_mon + 1) << 21;
    dos += tm->tm_mday << 16;
    dos += tm->tm_hour << 11;
    dos += tm->tm_min << 5;
    dos += (tm->tm_sec + 1) >> 1;   /* round to double-seconds */
    return dos;
}

/* put a 4-byte integer into a byte array in LSB order or MSB order */
#define PUT2L(a,b) (*(a)=(b)&0xff,(a)[1]=(b)>>8)
#define PUT4L(a,b) (PUT2L(a,(b)&0xffff),PUT2L((a)+2,(b)>>16))
#define PUT4M(a,b) (*(a)=(b)>>24,(a)[1]=(b)>>16,(a)[2]=(b)>>8,(a)[3]=(b))

/* write a gzip, zlib, or zip header using the information in the globals */
local unsigned long put_header(void)
{
    unsigned long len;
    unsigned char head[30];

    if (form > 1) {                 /* zip */
        /* write local header */
        PUT4L(head, 0x04034b50UL);  /* local header signature */
        PUT2L(head + 4, 20);        /* version needed to extract (2.0) */
        PUT2L(head + 6, 8);         /* flags: data descriptor follows data */
        PUT2L(head + 8, 8);         /* deflate */
        PUT4L(head + 10, time2dos(mtime));
        PUT4L(head + 14, 0);        /* crc (not here) */
        PUT4L(head + 18, 0);        /* compressed length (not here) */
        PUT4L(head + 22, 0);        /* uncompressed length (not here) */
        PUT2L(head + 26, name == NULL ? 1 : strlen(name));  /* name length */
        PUT2L(head + 28, 9);        /* length of extra field (see below) */
        writen(outd, head, 30);     /* write local header */
        len = 30;

        /* write file name (use "-" for stdin) */
        if (name == NULL)
            writen(outd, (unsigned char *)"-", 1);
        else
            writen(outd, (unsigned char *)name, strlen(name));
        len += name == NULL ? 1 : strlen(name);

        /* write extended timestamp extra field block (9 bytes) */
        PUT2L(head, 0x5455);        /* extended timestamp signature */
        PUT2L(head + 2, 5);         /* number of data bytes in this block */
        head[4] = 1;                /* flag presence of mod time */
        PUT4L(head + 5, mtime);     /* mod time */
        writen(outd, head, 9);      /* write extra field block */
        len += 9;
    }
    else if (form) {                /* zlib */
        head[0] = 0x78;             /* deflate, 32K window */
        head[1] = (level == 9 ? 3 : (level == 1 ? 0 :
            (level >= 6 || level == Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION ? 1 :  2))) << 6;
        head[1] += 31 - (((head[0] << 8) + head[1]) % 31);
        writen(outd, head, 2);
        len = 2;
    }
    else {                          /* gzip */
        head[0] = 31;
        head[1] = 139;
        head[2] = 8;                /* deflate */
        head[3] = name != NULL ? 8 : 0;
        PUT4L(head + 4, mtime);
        head[8] = level == 9 ? 2 : (level == 1 ? 4 : 0);
        head[9] = 3;                /* unix */
        writen(outd, head, 10);
        len = 10;
        if (name != NULL)
            writen(outd, (unsigned char *)name, strlen(name) + 1);
        if (name != NULL)
            len += strlen(name) + 1;
    }
    return len;
}

/* write a gzip, zlib, or zip trailer */
local void put_trailer(unsigned long ulen, unsigned long clen,
                       unsigned long check, unsigned long head)
{
    unsigned char tail[46];

    if (form > 1) {                 /* zip */
        unsigned long cent;

        /* write data descriptor (as promised in local header) */
        PUT4L(tail, check);
        PUT4L(tail + 4, clen);
        PUT4L(tail + 8, ulen);
        writen(outd, tail, 12);

        /* write central file header */
        PUT4L(tail, 0x02014b50UL);  /* central header signature */
        tail[4] = 63;               /* obeyed version 6.3 of the zip spec */
        tail[5] = 255;              /* ignore external attributes */
        PUT2L(tail + 6, 20);        /* version needed to extract (2.0) */
        PUT2L(tail + 8, 8);         /* data descriptor is present */
        PUT2L(tail + 10, 8);        /* deflate */
        PUT4L(tail + 12, time2dos(mtime));
        PUT4L(tail + 16, check);    /* crc */
        PUT4L(tail + 20, clen);     /* compressed length */
        PUT4L(tail + 24, ulen);     /* uncompressed length */
        PUT2L(tail + 28, name == NULL ? 1 : strlen(name));  /* name length */
        PUT2L(tail + 30, 9);        /* length of extra field (see below) */
        PUT2L(tail + 32, 0);        /* no file comment */
        PUT2L(tail + 34, 0);        /* disk number 0 */
        PUT2L(tail + 36, 0);        /* internal file attributes */
        PUT4L(tail + 38, 0);        /* external file attributes (ignored) */
        PUT4L(tail + 42, 0);        /* offset of local header */
        writen(outd, tail, 46);     /* write central file header */
        cent = 46;

        /* write file name (use "-" for stdin) */
        if (name == NULL)
            writen(outd, (unsigned char *)"-", 1);
        else
            writen(outd, (unsigned char *)name, strlen(name));
        cent += name == NULL ? 1 : strlen(name);

        /* write extended timestamp extra field block (9 bytes) */
        PUT2L(tail, 0x5455);        /* extended timestamp signature */
        PUT2L(tail + 2, 5);         /* number of data bytes in this block */
        tail[4] = 1;                /* flag presence of mod time */
        PUT4L(tail + 5, mtime);     /* mod time */
        writen(outd, tail, 9);      /* write extra field block */
        cent += 9;

        /* write end of central directory record */
        PUT4L(tail, 0x06054b50UL);  /* end of central directory signature */
        PUT2L(tail + 4, 0);         /* number of this disk */
        PUT2L(tail + 6, 0);         /* disk with start of central directory */
        PUT2L(tail + 8, 1);         /* number of entries on this disk */
        PUT2L(tail + 10, 1);        /* total number of entries */
        PUT4L(tail + 12, cent);     /* size of central directory */
        PUT4L(tail + 16, head + clen + 12); /* offset of central directory */
        PUT2L(tail + 20, 0);        /* no zip file comment */
        writen(outd, tail, 22);     /* write end of central directory record */
    }
    else if (form) {                /* zlib */
        PUT4M(tail, check);
        writen(outd, tail, 4);
    }
    else {                          /* gzip */
        PUT4L(tail, check);
        PUT4L(tail + 4, ulen);
        writen(outd, tail, 8);
    }
}

/* compute check value depending on format */
#define CHECK(a,b,c) (form == 1 ? adler32(a,b,c) : crc32(a,b,c))

#ifndef NOTHREAD
/* -- threaded portions of pigz -- */

/* -- check value combination routines for parallel calculation -- */

#define COMB(a,b,c) (form == 1 ? adler32_comb(a,b,c) : crc32_comb(a,b,c))
/* combine two crc-32's or two adler-32's (copied from zlib 1.2.3 so that pigz
   can be compatible with older versions of zlib) */

/* we copy the combination routines from zlib here, in order to avoid
   linkage issues with the zlib 1.2.3 builds on Sun, Ubuntu, and others */

local unsigned long gf2_matrix_times(unsigned long *mat, unsigned long vec)
{
    unsigned long sum;

    sum = 0;
    while (vec) {
        if (vec & 1)
            sum ^= *mat;
        vec >>= 1;
        mat++;
    }
    return sum;
}

local void gf2_matrix_square(unsigned long *square, unsigned long *mat)
{
    int n;

    for (n = 0; n < 32; n++)
        square[n] = gf2_matrix_times(mat, mat[n]);
}

local unsigned long crc32_comb(unsigned long crc1, unsigned long crc2,
                               size_t len2)
{
    int n;
    unsigned long row;
    unsigned long even[32];     /* even-power-of-two zeros operator */
    unsigned long odd[32];      /* odd-power-of-two zeros operator */

    /* degenerate case */
    if (len2 == 0)
        return crc1;

    /* put operator for one zero bit in odd */
    odd[0] = 0xedb88320UL;          /* CRC-32 polynomial */
    row = 1;
    for (n = 1; n < 32; n++) {
        odd[n] = row;
        row <<= 1;
    }

    /* put operator for two zero bits in even */
    gf2_matrix_square(even, odd);

    /* put operator for four zero bits in odd */
    gf2_matrix_square(odd, even);

    /* apply len2 zeros to crc1 (first square will put the operator for one
       zero byte, eight zero bits, in even) */
    do {
        /* apply zeros operator for this bit of len2 */
        gf2_matrix_square(even, odd);
        if (len2 & 1)
            crc1 = gf2_matrix_times(even, crc1);
        len2 >>= 1;

        /* if no more bits set, then done */
        if (len2 == 0)
            break;

        /* another iteration of the loop with odd and even swapped */
        gf2_matrix_square(odd, even);
        if (len2 & 1)
            crc1 = gf2_matrix_times(odd, crc1);
        len2 >>= 1;

        /* if no more bits set, then done */
    } while (len2 != 0);

    /* return combined crc */
    crc1 ^= crc2;
    return crc1;
}

#define BASE 65521U     /* largest prime smaller than 65536 */
#define LOW16 0xffff    /* mask lower 16 bits */

local unsigned long adler32_comb(unsigned long adler1, unsigned long adler2,
                                 size_t len2)
{
    unsigned long sum1;
    unsigned long sum2;
    unsigned rem;

    /* the derivation of this formula is left as an exercise for the reader */
    rem = (unsigned)(len2 % BASE);
    sum1 = adler1 & LOW16;
    sum2 = (rem * sum1) % BASE;
    sum1 += (adler2 & LOW16) + BASE - 1;
    sum2 += ((adler1 >> 16) & LOW16) + ((adler2 >> 16) & LOW16) + BASE - rem;
    if (sum1 >= BASE) sum1 -= BASE;
    if (sum1 >= BASE) sum1 -= BASE;
    if (sum2 >= (BASE << 1)) sum2 -= (BASE << 1);
    if (sum2 >= BASE) sum2 -= BASE;
    return sum1 | (sum2 << 16);
}

/* -- pool of spaces for buffer management -- */

/* These routines manage a pool of spaces.  Each pool specifies a fixed size
   buffer to be contained in each space.  Each space has a use count, which
   when decremented to zero returns the space to the pool.  If a space is
   requested from the pool and the pool is empty, a space is immediately
   created unless a specified limit on the number of spaces has been reached.
   Only if the limit is reached will it wait for a space to be returned to the
   pool.  Each space knows what pool it belongs to, so that it can be returned.
 */

/* a space (one buffer for each space) */
struct space {
    lock *use;              /* use count -- return to pool when zero */
    void *buf;              /* buffer of size pool->size */
    size_t len;             /* for application usage */
    struct pool *pool;      /* pool to return to */
    struct space *next;     /* for pool linked list */
};

/* pool of spaces (one pool for each size needed) */
struct pool {
    lock *have;             /* unused spaces available, lock for list */
    struct space *head;     /* linked list of available buffers */
    size_t size;            /* size of all buffers in this pool */
    int limit;              /* number of new spaces allowed, or -1 */
    int made;               /* number of buffers made */
};

/* initialize a pool (pool structure itself provided, not allocated) -- the
   limit is the maximum number of spaces in the pool, or -1 to indicate no
   limit, i.e., to never wait for a buffer to return to the pool */
local void new_pool(struct pool *pool, size_t size, int limit)
{
    pool->have = new_lock(0);
    pool->head = NULL;
    pool->size = size;
    pool->limit = limit;
    pool->made = 0;
}

/* get a space from a pool -- the use count is initially set to one, so there
   is no need to call use_space() for the first use */
local struct space *get_space(struct pool *pool)
{
    struct space *space;

    /* if can't create any more, wait for a space to show up */
    possess(pool->have);
    if (pool->limit == 0)
        wait_for(pool->have, NOT_TO_BE, 0);

    /* if a space is available, pull it from the list and return it */
    if (pool->head != NULL) {
        space = pool->head;
        possess(space->use);
        pool->head = space->next;
        twist(pool->have, BY, -1);      /* one less in pool */
        twist(space->use, TO, 1);       /* initially one user */
        return space;
    }

    /* nothing available, don't want to wait, make a new space */
    assert(pool->limit != 0);
    if (pool->limit > 0)
        pool->limit--;
    pool->made++;
    release(pool->have);
    space = malloc(sizeof(struct space));
    if (space == NULL)
        bail("not enough memory", "");
    space->use = new_lock(1);           /* initially one user */
    space->buf = malloc(pool->size);
    if (space->buf == NULL)
        bail("not enough memory", "");
    space->pool = pool;                 /* remember the pool this belongs to */
    return space;
}

/* increment the use count to require one more drop before returning this space
   to the pool */
local void use_space(struct space *space)
{
    possess(space->use);
    twist(space->use, BY, +1);
}

/* drop a space, returning it to the pool if the use count is zero */
local void drop_space(struct space *space)
{
    int use;
    struct pool *pool;

    possess(space->use);
    use = peek_lock(space->use);
    assert(use != 0);
    if (use == 1) {
        pool = space->pool;
        possess(pool->have);
        space->next = pool->head;
        pool->head = space;
        twist(pool->have, BY, +1);
    }
    twist(space->use, BY, -1);
}

/* free the memory and lock resources of a pool -- return number of spaces for
   debugging and resource usage measurement */
local int free_pool(struct pool *pool)
{
    int count;
    struct space *space;

    possess(pool->have);
    count = 0;
    while ((space = pool->head) != NULL) {
        pool->head = space->next;
        free(space->buf);
        free_lock(space->use);
        free(space);
        count++;
    }
    release(pool->have);
    free_lock(pool->have);
    assert(count == pool->made);
    return count;
}

/* input and output buffer pools */
local struct pool in_pool;
local struct pool out_pool;

/* -- parallel compression -- */

/* compress or write job (passed from compress list to write list) -- if seq is
   equal to -1, compress_thread is instructed to return; if more is false then
   this is the last chunk, which after writing tells write_thread to return */
struct job {
    long seq;                   /* sequence number */
    int more;                   /* true if this is not the last chunk */
    struct space *in;           /* input data to compress */
    struct space *out;          /* dictionary or resulting compressed data */
    unsigned long check;        /* check value for input data */
    lock *calc;                 /* released when check calculation complete */
    struct job *next;           /* next job in the list (either list) */
};

/* list of compress jobs (with tail for appending to list) */
local lock *compress_have = NULL;   /* number of compress jobs waiting */
local struct job *compress_head, **compress_tail;

/* list of write jobs */
local lock *write_first;            /* lowest sequence number in list */
local struct job *write_head;

/* number of compression threads running */
local int cthreads = 0;

/* write thread if running */
local thread *writeth = NULL;

/* setup job lists (call from main thread) */
local void setup_jobs(void)
{
    /* set up only if not already set up*/
    if (compress_have != NULL)
        return;

    /* allocate locks and initialize lists */
    compress_have = new_lock(0);
    compress_head = NULL;
    compress_tail = &compress_head;
    write_first = new_lock(-1);
    write_head = NULL;

    /* initialize buffer pools */
    new_pool(&in_pool, size, (procs << 1) + 2);
    new_pool(&out_pool, size + (size >> 11) + 10, -1);
}

/* command the compress threads to all return, then join them all (call from
   main thread), free all the thread-related resources */
local void finish_jobs(void)
{
    struct job job;
    int caught;

    /* only do this once */
    if (compress_have == NULL)
        return;

    /* command all of the extant compress threads to return */
    possess(compress_have);
    job.seq = -1;
    job.next = NULL;
    compress_head = &job;
    compress_tail = &(job.next);
    twist(compress_have, BY, +1);       /* will wake them all up */

    /* join all of the compress threads, verify they all came back */
    caught = join_all();
    Trace(("-- joined %d compress threads", caught));
    assert(caught == cthreads);
    cthreads = 0;

    /* free the resources */
    caught = free_pool(&out_pool);
    Trace(("-- freed %d output buffers", caught));
    caught = free_pool(&in_pool);
    Trace(("-- freed %d input buffers", caught));
    free_lock(write_first);
    free_lock(compress_have);
    compress_have = NULL;
}

/* get the next compression job from the head of the list, compress and compute
   the check value on the input, and put a job in the write list with the
   results -- keep looking for more jobs, returning when a job is found with a
   sequence number of -1 (leave that job in the list for other incarnations to
   find) */
local void compress_thread(void *dummy)
{
    struct job *job;                /* job pulled and working on */ 
    struct job *here, **prior;      /* pointers for inserting in write list */ 
    unsigned long check;            /* check value of input */
    unsigned char *next;            /* pointer for check value data */
    size_t len;                     /* remaining bytes to compress/check */
    z_stream strm;                  /* deflate stream */

    (void)dummy;

    /* initialize the deflate stream for this thread */
    strm.zfree = Z_NULL;
    strm.zalloc = Z_NULL;
    strm.opaque = Z_NULL;
    if (deflateInit2(&strm, level, Z_DEFLATED, -15, 8, Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY) !=
            Z_OK)
        bail("not enough memory", "");

    /* keep looking for work */
    for (;;) {
        /* get a job (like I tell my son) */
        possess(compress_have);
        wait_for(compress_have, NOT_TO_BE, 0);
        job = compress_head;
        assert(job != NULL);
        if (job->seq == -1)
            break;
        compress_head = job->next;
        if (job->next == NULL)
            compress_tail = &compress_head;
        twist(compress_have, BY, -1);

        /* got a job -- initialize and set the compression level (note that if
           deflateParams() is called immediately after deflateReset(), there is
           no need to initialize the input/output for the stream) */
        Trace(("-- compressing #%ld", job->seq));
        (void)deflateReset(&strm);
        (void)deflateParams(&strm, level, Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY);

        /* set dictionary if provided, release that input buffer (only provided
           if dict is true and if this is not the first work unit) -- the
           amount of data in the buffer is assured to be >= DICT */
        if (job->out != NULL) {
            len = job->out->len;
            deflateSetDictionary(&strm,
                (unsigned char *)(job->out->buf) + (len - DICT), DICT);
            drop_space(job->out);
        }

        /* set up input and output (the output size is assured to be big enough
           for the worst case expansion of the input buffer size, plus five
           bytes for the terminating stored block) */
        job->out = get_space(&out_pool);
        strm.next_in = job->in->buf;
        strm.next_out = job->out->buf;

        /* run MAX-sized amounts of input through deflate -- this loop is
           needed for those cases where the integer type is smaller than the
           size_t type, or when len is close to the limit of the size_t type */
        len = job->in->len;
        while (len > MAX) {
            strm.avail_in = MAX;
            strm.avail_out = (unsigned)-1;
            (void)deflate(&strm, Z_NO_FLUSH);
            assert(strm.avail_in == 0 && strm.avail_out != 0);
            len -= MAX;
        }

        /* run the last piece through deflate -- terminate with a sync marker,
           or finish deflate stream if this is the last block */
        strm.avail_in = (unsigned)len;
        strm.avail_out = (unsigned)-1;
        (void)deflate(&strm, job->more ? Z_SYNC_FLUSH :  Z_FINISH);
        assert(strm.avail_in == 0 && strm.avail_out != 0);
        job->out->len = strm.next_out - (unsigned char *)(job->out->buf);
        Trace(("-- compressed #%ld%s", job->seq, job->more ? "" : " (last)"));

        /* reserve input buffer until check value has been calculated */
        use_space(job->in);

        /* insert write job in list in sorted order, alert write thread */
        possess(write_first);
        prior = &write_head;
        while ((here = *prior) != NULL) {
            if (here->seq > job->seq)
                break;
            prior = &(here->next);
        }
        job->next = here;
        *prior = job;
        twist(write_first, TO, write_head->seq);

        /* calculate the check value in parallel with writing, alert the write
           thread that the calculation is complete, and drop this usage of the
           input buffer */
        len = job->in->len;
        next = job->in->buf;
        check = CHECK(0L, Z_NULL, 0);
        while (len > MAX) {
            check = CHECK(check, next, MAX);
            len -= MAX;
            next += MAX;
        }
        check = CHECK(check, next, (unsigned)len);
        drop_space(job->in);
        job->check = check;
        possess(job->calc);
        twist(job->calc, TO, 1);
        Trace(("-- checked #%ld%s", job->seq, job->more ? "" : " (last)"));

        /* done with that one -- go find another job */
    }

    /* found job with seq == -1 -- free deflate memory and return to join */
    release(compress_have);
    deflateEnd(&strm);
}

/* collect the write jobs off of the list in sequence order and write out the
   compressed data until the last chunk is written -- also write the header and
   trailer and combine the individual check values of the input buffers */
local void write_thread(void *dummy)
{
    long seq;                       /* next sequence number looking for */
    struct job *job;                /* job pulled and working on */
    size_t len;                     /* input length */
    int more;                       /* true if more chunks to write */
    unsigned long head;             /* header length */
    unsigned long ulen;             /* total uncompressed size (overflow ok) */
    unsigned long clen;             /* total compressed size (overflow ok) */
    unsigned long check;            /* check value of uncompressed data */

    (void)dummy;

    /* build and write header */
    Trace(("-- write thread running"));
    head = put_header();

    /* process output of compress threads until end of input */    
    ulen = clen = 0;
    check = CHECK(0L, Z_NULL, 0);
    seq = 0;
    do {
        /* get next write job in order */
        possess(write_first);
        wait_for(write_first, TO_BE, seq);
        job = write_head;
        write_head = job->next;
        twist(write_first, TO, write_head == NULL ? -1 : write_head->seq);

        /* update lengths, save uncompressed length for COMB */
        more = job->more;
        len = job->in->len;
        drop_space(job->in);
        ulen += (unsigned long)len;
        clen += (unsigned long)(job->out->len);

        /* write the compressed data and drop the output buffer */
        Trace(("-- writing #%ld", seq));
        writen(outd, job->out->buf, job->out->len);
        drop_space(job->out);
        Trace(("-- wrote #%ld%s", seq, more ? "" : " (last)"));

        /* wait for check calculation to complete, then combine, once
           the compress thread is done with the input, release it */
        possess(job->calc);
        wait_for(job->calc, TO_BE, 1);
        release(job->calc);
        check = COMB(check, job->check, len);

        /* free the job */
        free_lock(job->calc);
        free(job);

        /* get the next buffer in sequence */
        seq++;
    } while (more);

    /* write trailer */
    put_trailer(ulen, clen, check, head);

    /* verify no more jobs, prepare for next use */
    possess(compress_have);
    assert(compress_head == NULL && peek_lock(compress_have) == 0);
    release(compress_have);
    possess(write_first);
    assert(write_head == NULL);
    twist(write_first, TO, -1);
}

/* compress ind to outd, using multiple threads for the compression and check
   value calculations and one other thread for writing the output -- compress
   threads will be launched and left running (waiting actually) to support
   subsequent calls of parallel_compress() */
local void parallel_compress(void)
{
    long seq;                       /* sequence number */
    struct space *prev;             /* previous input space */
    struct space *next;             /* next input space */
    struct job *job;                /* job for compress, then write */
    int more;                       /* true if more input to read */

    /* if first time or after an option change, setup the job lists */
    setup_jobs();

    /* start write thread */
    writeth = launch(write_thread, NULL);

    /* read from input and start compress threads (write thread will pick up
       the output of the compress threads) */
    seq = 0;
    prev = NULL;
    next = get_space(&in_pool);
    next->len = readn(ind, next->buf, next->pool->size);
    do {
        /* create a new job, use next input chunk, previous as dictionary */
        job = malloc(sizeof(struct job));
        if (job == NULL)
            bail("not enough memory", "");
        job->seq = seq;
        job->in = next;
        job->out = dict ? prev : NULL;  /* dictionary for compression */
        job->calc = new_lock(0);

        /* check for end of file, reading next chunk if not sure */
        if (next->len < next->pool->size)
            more = 0;
        else {
            next = get_space(&in_pool);
            next->len = readn(ind, next->buf, next->pool->size);
            more = next->len != 0;
            if (!more)
                drop_space(next);       /* won't be using it */
            if (dict && more) {
                use_space(job->in);     /* hold as dictionary for next loop */
                prev = job->in;
            }
        }
        job->more = more;
        Trace(("-- read #%ld%s", seq, more ? "" : " (last)"));
        if (++seq < 1)
            bail("input too long: ", in);

        /* start another compress thread if needed */
        if (cthreads < seq && cthreads < procs) {
            (void)launch(compress_thread, NULL);
            cthreads++;
        }

        /* put job at end of compress list, let all the compressors know */
        possess(compress_have);
        job->next = NULL;
        *compress_tail = job;
        compress_tail = &(job->next);
        twist(compress_have, BY, +1);

        /* do until end of input */
    } while (more);

    /* wait for the write thread to complete (we leave the compress threads out
       there and waiting in case there is another stream to compress) */
    join(writeth);
    writeth = NULL;
    Trace(("-- write thread joined"));
}

#endif

/* do a simple compression in a single thread from ind to outd -- if reset is
   true, instead free the memory that was allocated and retained for input,
   output, and deflate */
local void single_compress(int reset)
{
    size_t got;                     /* amount read */
    size_t more;                    /* amount of next read (0 if eof) */
    unsigned long head;             /* header length */
    unsigned long ulen;             /* total uncompressed size (overflow ok) */
    unsigned long clen;             /* total compressed size (overflow ok) */
    unsigned long check;            /* check value of uncompressed data */
    static unsigned out_size;       /* size of output buffer */
    static unsigned char *in, *next, *out;  /* reused i/o buffers */
    static z_stream *strm = NULL;   /* reused deflate structure */

    /* if requested, just release the allocations and return */
    if (reset) {
        if (strm != NULL) {
            deflateEnd(strm);
            free(strm);
            free(out);
            free(next);
            free(in);
            strm = NULL;
        }
        return;
    }

    /* initialize the deflate structure if this is the first time */
    if (strm == NULL) {
        out_size = size > MAX ? MAX : (unsigned)size;
        if ((in = malloc(size)) == NULL ||
            (next = malloc(size)) == NULL ||
            (out = malloc(out_size)) == NULL ||
            (strm = malloc(sizeof(z_stream))) == NULL)
            bail("not enough memory", "");
        strm->zfree = Z_NULL;
        strm->zalloc = Z_NULL;
        strm->opaque = Z_NULL;
        if (deflateInit2(strm, level, Z_DEFLATED, -15, 8,
                         Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY) != Z_OK)
            bail("not enough memory", "");
    }

    /* write header */
    head = put_header();

    /* set compression level in case it changed */
    (void)deflateReset(strm);
    (void)deflateParams(strm, level, Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY);

    /* do raw deflate and calculate check value */
    ulen = clen = 0;
    check = CHECK(0L, Z_NULL, 0);
    more = readn(ind, next, size);
    do {
        /* get data to compress, see if there is any more input */
        got = more;
        { unsigned char *temp; temp = in; in = next; next = temp; }
        more = got < size ? 0 : readn(ind, next, size);
        ulen += (unsigned long)got;
        strm->next_in = in;

        /* compress MAX-size chunks in case unsigned type is small */
        while (got > MAX) {
            strm->avail_in = MAX;
            check = CHECK(check, strm->next_in, strm->avail_in);
            do {
                strm->avail_out = out_size;
                strm->next_out = out;
                (void)deflate(strm, Z_NO_FLUSH);
                writen(outd, out, out_size - strm->avail_out);
                clen += out_size - strm->avail_out;
            } while (strm->avail_out == 0);
            assert(strm->avail_in == 0);
            got -= MAX;
        }

        /* compress the remainder, finishing if end of input -- when not -i,
           use a Z_SYNC_FLUSH so that this and parallel compression produce the
           same output */
        strm->avail_in = (unsigned)got;
        check = CHECK(check, strm->next_in, strm->avail_in);
        do {
            strm->avail_out = out_size;
            strm->next_out = out;
            (void)deflate(strm,
                more ? (dict ? Z_SYNC_FLUSH : Z_FULL_FLUSH) : Z_FINISH);
            writen(outd, out, out_size - strm->avail_out);
            clen += out_size - strm->avail_out;
        } while (strm->avail_out == 0);
        assert(strm->avail_in == 0);

        /* do until no more input */
    } while (more);

    /* write trailer */
    put_trailer(ulen, clen, check, head);
}

/* --- decompression --- */

/* globals for decompression and listing buffered reading */
#define BUF 32768U                  /* input buffer size */
local unsigned char in_buf[BUF];    /* input buffer */
local unsigned char *in_next;       /* next unused byte in buffer */
local size_t in_left;               /* number of unused bytes in buffer */
local int in_eof;                   /* true if reached end of file on input */
local int in_short;                 /* true if last read didn't fill buffer */
local off_t in_tot;                 /* total bytes read from input */
local off_t out_tot;                /* total bytes written to output */
local unsigned long out_check;      /* check value of output */

#ifndef NOTHREAD
/* parallel reading */

local unsigned char in_buf2[BUF];   /* second buffer for parallel reads */
local size_t in_len;                /* data waiting in next buffer */
local int in_which;                 /* -1: start, 0: in_buf2, 1: in_buf */
local lock *load_state;             /* value = 0 to wait, 1 to read a buffer */
local thread *load_thread;          /* load_read() thread for joining */

/* parallel read thread */
local void load_read(void *dummy)
{
    size_t len;

    (void)dummy;

    Trace(("-- launched decompress read thread"));
    do {
        possess(load_state);
        wait_for(load_state, TO_BE, 1);
        in_len = len = readn(ind, in_which ? in_buf : in_buf2, BUF);
        Trace(("-- decompress read thread read %lu bytes", len));
        twist(load_state, TO, 0);
    } while (len == BUF);
    Trace(("-- exited decompress read thread"));
}

#endif

/* load() is called when in_left has gone to zero in order to provide more
   input data: load the input buffer with BUF or less bytes (less if at end of
   file) from the file ind, set in_next to point to the in_left bytes read,
   update in_tot, and return in_left -- in_eof is set to true when in_left has
   gone to zero and there is no more data left to read from ind */
local size_t load(void)
{
    /* if already detected end of file, do nothing */
    if (in_short) {
        in_eof = 1;
        return 0;
    }

#ifndef NOTHREAD
    /* if first time in or procs == 1, read a buffer to have something to
       return, otherwise wait for the previous read job to complete */
    if (procs > 1) {
        /* if first time, fire up the read thread, ask for a read */
        if (in_which == -1) {
            in_which = 1;
            load_state = new_lock(1);
            load_thread = launch(load_read, NULL);
        }

        /* wait for the previously requested read to complete */
        possess(load_state);
        wait_for(load_state, TO_BE, 0);
        release(load_state);

        /* set up input buffer with the data just read */
        in_next = in_which ? in_buf : in_buf2;
        in_left = in_len;

        /* if not at end of file, alert read thread to load next buffer,
           alternate between in_buf and in_buf2 */
        if (in_len == BUF) {
            in_which = 1 - in_which;
            possess(load_state);
            twist(load_state, TO, 1);
        }

        /* at end of file -- join read thread (already exited), clean up */
        else {
            join(load_thread);
            free_lock(load_state);
            in_which = -1;
        }
    }
    else
#endif
    {
        /* don't use threads -- simply read a buffer into in_buf */
        in_left = readn(ind, in_next = in_buf, BUF);
    }

    /* note end of file */
    if (in_left < BUF) {
        in_short = 1;

        /* if we got bupkis, now is the time to mark eof */
        if (in_left == 0)
            in_eof = 1;
    }

    /* update the total and return the available bytes */
    in_tot += in_left;
    return in_left;
}

/* initialize for reading new input */
local void in_init(void)
{
    in_left = 0;
    in_eof = 0;
    in_short = 0;
    in_tot = 0;
#ifndef NOTHREAD
    in_which = -1;
#endif
}

/* buffered reading macros for decompression and listing */
#define GET() (in_eof || (in_left == 0 && load() == 0) ? EOF : \
               (in_left--, *in_next++))
#define GET2() (tmp2 = GET(), tmp2 + (GET() << 8))
#define GET4() (tmp4 = GET2(), tmp4 + ((unsigned long)(GET2()) << 16))
#define SKIP(dist) \
    do { \
        size_t togo = (dist); \
        while (togo > in_left) { \
            togo -= in_left; \
            if (load() == 0) \
                return -1; \
        } \
        in_left -= togo; \
        in_next += togo; \
    } while (0)

/* convert MS-DOS date and time to a Unix time, assuming current timezone
   (you got a better idea?) */
local time_t dos2time(unsigned long dos)
{
    struct tm tm;

    if (dos == 0)
        return time(NULL);
    tm.tm_year = ((int)(dos >> 25) & 0x7f) + 80;
    tm.tm_mon  = ((int)(dos >> 21) & 0xf) - 1;
    tm.tm_mday = (int)(dos >> 16) & 0x1f;
    tm.tm_hour = (int)(dos >> 11) & 0x1f;
    tm.tm_min  = (int)(dos >> 5) & 0x3f;
    tm.tm_sec  = (int)(dos << 1) & 0x3e;
    tm.tm_isdst = -1;           /* figure out if DST or not */
    return mktime(&tm);
}

/* convert an unsigned 32-bit integer to signed, even if long > 32 bits */
local long tolong(unsigned long val)
{
    return (long)(val & 0x7fffffffUL) - (long)(val & 0x80000000UL);
}

#define LOW32 0xffffffffUL

/* process zip extra field to extract zip64 lengths and Unix mod time */
local int read_extra(unsigned len, int save)
{
    unsigned id, size, tmp2;
    unsigned long tmp4;

    /* process extra blocks */
    while (len >= 4) {
        id = GET2();
        size = GET2();
        if (in_eof)
            return -1;
        len -= 4;
        if (size > len)
            break;
        len -= size;
        if (id == 0x0001) {
            /* Zip64 Extended Information Extra Field */
            if (zip_ulen == LOW32 && size >= 8) {
                zip_ulen = GET4();
                SKIP(4);
                size -= 8;
            }
            if (zip_clen == LOW32 && size >= 8) {
                zip_clen = GET4();
                SKIP(4);
                size -= 8;
            }
        }
        if (save) {
            if ((id == 0x000d || id == 0x5855) && size >= 8) {
                /* PKWare Unix or Info-ZIP Type 1 Unix block */
                SKIP(4);
                stamp = tolong(GET4());
                size -= 8;
            }
            if (id == 0x5455 && size >= 5) {
                /* Extended Timestamp block */
                size--;
                if (GET() & 1) {
                    stamp = tolong(GET4());
                    size -= 4;
                }
            }
        }
        SKIP(size);
    }
    SKIP(len);
    return 0;
}

/* read a gzip, zip, zlib, or lzw header from ind and extract useful
   information, return the method -- or on error return negative: -1 is
   immediate EOF, -2 is not a recognized compressed format, -3 is premature EOF
   within the header, -4 is unexpected header flag values; a method of 256 is
   lzw -- set form to indicate gzip, zlib, or zip */
local int get_header(int save)
{
    unsigned magic;             /* magic header */
    int method;                 /* compression method */
    int flags;                  /* header flags */
    unsigned fname, extra;      /* name and extra field lengths */
    unsigned tmp2;              /* for macro */
    unsigned long tmp4;         /* for macro */

    /* clear return information */
    if (save) {
        stamp = 0;
        RELEASE(hname);
    }

    /* see if it's a gzip, zlib, or lzw file */
    form = 0;
    magic = GET() << 8;
    if (in_eof)
        return -1;
    magic += GET();
    if (in_eof)
        return -2;
    if (magic % 31 == 0) {          /* it's zlib */
        form = 1;
        return (int)((magic >> 8) & 0xf);
    }
    if (magic == 0x1f9d)            /* it's lzw */
        return 256;
    if (magic == 0x504b) {          /* it's zip */
        if (GET() != 3 || GET() != 4)
            return -3;
        SKIP(2);
        flags = GET2();
        if (in_eof)
            return -3;
        if (flags & 0xfff0)
            return -4;
        method = GET2();
        if (flags & 1)              /* encrypted */
            method = 255;           /* mark as unknown method */
        if (in_eof)
            return -3;
        if (save)
            stamp = dos2time(GET4());
        else
            SKIP(4);
        zip_crc = GET4();
        zip_clen = GET4();
        zip_ulen = GET4();
        fname = GET2();
        extra = GET2();
        if (save) {
            char *next = hname = malloc(fname + 1);
            if (hname == NULL)
                bail("not enough memory", "");
            while (fname > in_left) {
                memcpy(next, in_next, in_left);
                fname -= in_left;
                next += in_left;
                if (load() == 0)
                    return -3;
            }
            memcpy(next, in_next, fname);
            in_left -= fname;
            in_next += fname;
            next += fname;
            *next = 0;
        }
        else
            SKIP(fname);
        read_extra(extra, save);
        form = 2 + ((flags & 8) >> 3);
        return in_eof ? -3 : method;
    }
    if (magic != 0x1f8b)            /* not gzip */
        return -2;

    /* it's gzip -- get method and flags */
    method = GET();
    flags = GET();
    if (in_eof)
        return -1;
    if (flags & 0xe0)
        return -4;

    /* get time stamp */
    if (save)
        stamp = tolong(GET4());
    else
        SKIP(4);

    /* skip extra field and OS */
    SKIP(2);

    /* skip extra field, if present */
    if (flags & 4) {
        extra = GET2();
        if (in_eof)
            return -3;
        SKIP(extra);
    }

    /* read file name, if present, into allocated memory */
    if ((flags & 8) && save) {
        unsigned char *end;
        size_t copy, have, size = 128;
        hname = malloc(size);
        if (hname == NULL)
            bail("not enough memory", "");
        have = 0;
        do {
            if (in_left == 0 && load() == 0)
                return -3;
            end = memchr(in_next, 0, in_left);
            copy = end == NULL ? in_left : (size_t)(end - in_next) + 1;
            if (have + copy > size) {
                while (have + copy > (size <<= 1))
                    ;
                hname = realloc(hname, size);
                if (hname == NULL)
                    bail("not enough memory", "");
            }
            memcpy(hname + have, in_next, copy);
            have += copy;
            in_left -= copy;
            in_next += copy;
        } while (end == NULL);
    }
    else if (flags & 8)
        while (GET() != 0)
            if (in_eof)
                return -3;

    /* skip comment */
    if (flags & 16)
        while (GET() != 0)
            if (in_eof)
                return -3;

    /* skip header crc */
    if (flags & 2)
        SKIP(2);

    /* return compression method */
    return method;
}

/* --- list contents of compressed input (gzip, zlib, or lzw) */

/* find standard compressed file suffix, return length of suffix */
local size_t compressed_suffix(char *nm)
{
    size_t len;

    len = strlen(nm);
    if (len > 4) {
        nm += len - 4;
        len = 4;
        if (strcmp(nm, ".zip") == 0 || strcmp(nm, ".ZIP") == 0 ||
            strcmp(nm, ".tgz") == 0)
            return 4;
    }
    if (len > 3) {
        nm += len - 3;
        len = 3;
        if (strcmp(nm, ".gz") == 0 || strcmp(nm, "-gz") == 0 ||
            strcmp(nm, ".zz") == 0 || strcmp(nm, "-zz") == 0)
            return 3;
    }
    if (len > 2) {
        nm += len - 2;
        if (strcmp(nm, ".z") == 0 || strcmp(nm, "-z") == 0 ||
            strcmp(nm, "_z") == 0 || strcmp(nm, ".Z") == 0)
            return 2;
    }
    return 0;
}

/* listing file name lengths for -l and -lv */
#define NAMEMAX1 48     /* name display limit at verbosity 1 */
#define NAMEMAX2 16     /* name display limit at verbosity 2 */

/* print gzip or lzw file information */
local void show_info(int method, unsigned long check, off_t len, int cont)
{
    size_t max;             /* maximum name length for current verbosity */
    size_t n;               /* name length without suffix */
    time_t now;             /* for getting current year */
    char mod[26];           /* modification time in text */
    char name[NAMEMAX1+1];  /* header or file name, possibly truncated */

    /* create abbreviated name from header file name or actual file name */
    max = verbosity > 1 ? NAMEMAX2 : NAMEMAX1;
    memset(name, 0, max + 1);
    if (cont)
        strncpy(name, "<...>", max + 1);
    else if (hname == NULL) {
        n = strlen(in) - compressed_suffix(in);
        strncpy(name, in, n > max + 1 ? max + 1 : n);
    }
    else
        strncpy(name, hname, max + 1);
    if (name[max])
        strcpy(name + max - 3, "...");

    /* convert time stamp to text */
    if (stamp) {
        strcpy(mod, ctime(&stamp));
        now = time(NULL);
        if (strcmp(mod + 20, ctime(&now) + 20) != 0)
            strcpy(mod + 11, mod + 19);
    }
    else
        strcpy(mod + 4, "------ -----");
    mod[16] = 0;

    /* if first time, print header */
    if (first) {
        if (verbosity > 1)
            fputs("method    check    timestamp    ", stdout);
        if (verbosity > 0)
            puts("compressed   original reduced  name");
        first = 0;
    }

    /* print information */
    if (verbosity > 1) {
        if (form == 3 && !decode)
            printf("zip%3d  --------  %s  ", method, mod + 4);
        else if (form > 1)
            printf("zip%3d  %08lx  %s  ", method, check, mod + 4);
        else if (form)
            printf("zlib%2d  %08lx  %s  ", method, check, mod + 4);
        else if (method == 256)
            printf("lzw     --------  %s  ", mod + 4);
        else
            printf("gzip%2d  %08lx  %s  ", method, check, mod + 4);
    }
    if (verbosity > 0) {
        if ((form == 3 && !decode) ||
            (method == 8 && in_tot > (len + (len >> 10) + 12)) ||
            (method == 256 && in_tot > len + (len >> 1) + 3))
            printf(sizeof(off_t) == 4 ? "%10lu %10lu?  unk    %s\n" :
                                        "%10llu %10llu?  unk    %s\n",
                   in_tot, len, name);
        else
            printf(sizeof(off_t) == 4 ? "%10lu %10lu %6.1f%%  %s\n" :
                                        "%10llu %10llu %6.1f%%  %s\n",
                   in_tot, len,
                   len == 0 ? 0 : 100 * (len - in_tot)/(double)len,
                   name);
    }
}

/* list content information about the gzip file at ind (only works if the gzip
   file contains a single gzip stream with no junk at the end, and only works
   well if the uncompressed length is less than 4 GB) */
local void list_info(void)
{
    int method;             /* get_header() return value */
    size_t n;               /* available trailer bytes */
    off_t at;               /* used to calculate compressed length */
    unsigned char tail[8];  /* trailer containing check and length */
    unsigned long check, len;   /* check value and length from trailer */

    /* initialize input buffer */
    in_init();

    /* read header information and position input after header */
    method = get_header(1);
    if (method < 0) {
        RELEASE(hname);
        if (method != -1 && verbosity > 1)
            fprintf(stderr, "%s not a compressed file -- skipping\n", in);
        return;
    }

    /* list zip file */
    if (form > 1) {
        in_tot = zip_clen;
        show_info(method, zip_crc, zip_ulen, 0);
        return;
    }

    /* list zlib file */
    if (form) {
        at = lseek(ind, 0, SEEK_END);
        if (at == -1) {
            check = 0;
            do {
                len = in_left < 4 ? in_left : 4;
                in_next += in_left - len;
                while (len--)
                    check = (check << 8) + *in_next++;
            } while (load() != 0);
            check &= LOW32;
        }
        else {
            in_tot = at;
            lseek(ind, -4, SEEK_END);
            readn(ind, tail, 4);
            check = (*tail << 24) + (tail[1] << 16) + (tail[2] << 8) + tail[3];
        }
        in_tot -= 6;
        show_info(method, check, 0, 0);
        return;
    }

    /* list lzw file */
    if (method == 256) {
        at = lseek(ind, 0, SEEK_END);
        if (at == -1)
            while (load() != 0)
                ;
        else
            in_tot = at;
        in_tot -= 3;
        show_info(method, 0, 0, 0);
        return;
    }

    /* skip to end to get trailer (8 bytes), compute compressed length */
    if (in_short) {                     /* whole thing already read */
        if (in_left < 8) {
            if (verbosity > 0)
                fprintf(stderr, "%s not a valid gzip file -- skipping\n",
                        in);
            return;
        }
        in_tot = in_left - 8;           /* compressed size */
        memcpy(tail, in_next + (in_left - 8), 8);
    }
    else if ((at = lseek(ind, -8, SEEK_END)) != -1) {
        in_tot = at - in_tot + in_left; /* compressed size */
        readn(ind, tail, 8);            /* get trailer */
    }
    else {                              /* can't seek */
        at = in_tot - in_left;          /* save header size */
        do {
            n = in_left < 8 ? in_left : 8;
            memcpy(tail, in_next + (in_left - n), n);
            load();
        } while (in_left == BUF);       /* read until end */
        if (in_left < 8) {
            if (n + in_left < 8) {
                if (verbosity > 0)
                    fprintf(stderr, "%s not a valid gzip file -- skipping\n",
                            in);
                return;
            }
            if (in_left) {
                if (n + in_left > 8)
                    memcpy(tail, tail + n - (8 - in_left), 8 - in_left);
                memcpy(tail + 8 - in_left, in_next, in_left);
            }
        }
        else
            memcpy(tail, in_next + (in_left - 8), 8);
        in_tot -= at + 8;
    }
    if (in_tot < 2) {
        if (verbosity > 0)
            fprintf(stderr, "%s not a valid gzip file -- skipping\n", in);
        return;
    }

    /* convert trailer to check and uncompressed length (modulo 2^32) */
    check = tail[0] + (tail[1] << 8) + (tail[2] << 16) + (tail[3] << 24);
    len = tail[4] + (tail[5] << 8) + (tail[6] << 16) + (tail[7] << 24);

    /* list information about contents */
    show_info(method, check, len, 0);
    RELEASE(hname);
}

/* --- decompress deflate input --- */

/* call-back input function for inflateBack() */
local unsigned inb(void *desc, unsigned char **buf)
{
    (void)desc;
    load();
    *buf = in_next;
    return in_left;
}

/* output buffers and window for infchk() and unlzw() */
#define OUTSIZE 32768U      /* must be at least 32K for inflateBack() window */
local unsigned char out_buf[OUTSIZE];

#ifndef NOTHREAD
/* output data for parallel write and check */
local unsigned char out_copy[OUTSIZE];
local size_t out_len;

/* outb threads states */
local lock *outb_write_more = NULL;
local lock *outb_check_more;

/* output write thread */
local void outb_write(void *dummy)
{
    size_t len;

    (void)dummy;

    Trace(("-- launched decompress write thread"));
    do {
        possess(outb_write_more);
        wait_for(outb_write_more, TO_BE, 1);
        len = out_len;
        if (len && decode == 1)
            writen(outd, out_copy, len);
        Trace(("-- decompress wrote %lu bytes", len));
        twist(outb_write_more, TO, 0);
    } while (len);
    Trace(("-- exited decompress write thread"));
}

/* output check thread */
local void outb_check(void *dummy)
{
    size_t len;

    (void)dummy;

    Trace(("-- launched decompress check thread"));
    do {
        possess(outb_check_more);
        wait_for(outb_check_more, TO_BE, 1);
        len = out_len;
        out_check = CHECK(out_check, out_copy, len);
        Trace(("-- decompress checked %lu bytes", len));
        twist(outb_check_more, TO, 0);
    } while (len);
    Trace(("-- exited decompress check thread"));
}
#endif

/* call-back output function for inflateBack() -- wait for the last write and
   check calculation to complete, copy the write buffer, and then alert the
   write and check threads and return for more decompression while that's
   going on (or just write and check if no threads or if proc == 1) */
local int outb(void *desc, unsigned char *buf, unsigned len)
{
#ifndef NOTHREAD
    static thread *wr, *ch;

    (void)desc;

    if (procs > 1) {
        /* if first time, initialize state and launch threads */
        if (outb_write_more == NULL) {
            outb_write_more = new_lock(0);
            outb_check_more = new_lock(0);
            wr = launch(outb_write, NULL);
            ch = launch(outb_check, NULL);
        }

        /* wait for previous write and check threads to complete */
        possess(outb_check_more);
        wait_for(outb_check_more, TO_BE, 0);
        possess(outb_write_more);
        wait_for(outb_write_more, TO_BE, 0);

        /* copy the output and alert the worker bees */
        out_len = len;
        out_tot += len;
        memcpy(out_copy, buf, len);
        twist(outb_write_more, TO, 1);
        twist(outb_check_more, TO, 1);

        /* if requested with len == 0, clean up -- terminate and join write and
           check threads, free lock */
        if (len == 0) {
            join(ch);
            join(wr);
            free_lock(outb_check_more);
            free_lock(outb_write_more);
            outb_write_more = NULL;
        }

        /* return for more decompression while last buffer is being written
           and having its check value calculated -- we wait for those to finish
           the next time this function is called */
        return 0;
    }
#endif

    /* if just one process or no threads, then do it without threads */
    if (len) {
        if (decode == 1)
            writen(outd, buf, len);
        out_check = CHECK(out_check, buf, len);
        out_tot += len;
    }
    return 0;
}

/* inflate for decompression or testing -- decompress from ind to outd unless
   decode != 1, in which case just test ind, and then also list if list != 0;
   look for and decode multiple, concatenated gzip and/or zlib streams;
   read and check the gzip, zlib, or zip trailer */
local void infchk(void)
{
    int ret, cont;
    unsigned long check, len;
    z_stream strm;
    unsigned tmp2;
    unsigned long tmp4;
    off_t clen;

    cont = 0;
    do {
        /* header already read -- set up for decompression */
        in_tot = in_left;               /* track compressed data length */
        out_tot = 0;
        out_check = CHECK(0L, Z_NULL, 0);
        strm.zalloc = Z_NULL;
        strm.zfree = Z_NULL;
        strm.opaque = Z_NULL;
        ret = inflateBackInit(&strm, 15, out_buf);
        if (ret != Z_OK)
            bail("not enough memory", "");

        /* decompress, compute lengths and check value */
        strm.avail_in = in_left;
        strm.next_in = in_next;
        ret = inflateBack(&strm, inb, NULL, outb, NULL);
        if (ret != Z_STREAM_END)
            bail("corrupted input -- invalid deflate data: ", in);
        in_left = strm.avail_in;
        in_next = strm.next_in;
        inflateBackEnd(&strm);
        outb(NULL, NULL, 0);        /* finish off final write and check */

        /* compute compressed data length */
        clen = in_tot - in_left;

        /* read and check trailer */
        if (form > 1) {             /* zip local trailer (if any) */
            if (form == 3) {        /* data descriptor follows */
                /* read original version of data descriptor*/
                zip_crc = GET4();
                zip_clen = GET4();
                zip_ulen = GET4();
                if (in_eof)
                    bail("corrupted zip entry -- missing trailer: ", in);

                /* if crc doesn't match, try info-zip variant with sig */
                if (zip_crc != out_check) {
                    if (zip_crc != 0x08074b50UL || zip_clen != out_check)
                        bail("corrupted zip entry -- crc32 mismatch: ", in);
                    zip_crc = zip_clen;
                    zip_clen = zip_ulen;
                    zip_ulen = GET4();
                }

                /* if second length doesn't match, try 64-bit lengths */
                if (zip_ulen != (out_tot & LOW32)) {
                    zip_ulen = GET4();
                    (void)GET4();
                }
                if (in_eof)
                    bail("corrupted zip entry -- missing trailer: ", in);
            }
            if (zip_clen != (clen & LOW32) || zip_ulen != (out_tot & LOW32))
                bail("corrupted zip entry -- length mismatch: ", in);
            check = zip_crc;
        }
        else if (form == 1) {       /* zlib (big-endian) trailer */
            check = (unsigned long)(GET()) << 24;
            check += (unsigned long)(GET()) << 16;
            check += GET() << 8;
            check += GET();
            if (in_eof)
                bail("corrupted zlib stream -- missing trailer: ", in);
            if (check != out_check)
                bail("corrupted zlib stream -- adler32 mismatch: ", in);
        }
        else {                      /* gzip trailer */
            check = GET4();
            len = GET4();
            if (in_eof)
                bail("corrupted gzip stream -- missing trailer: ", in);
            if (check != out_check)
                bail("corrupted gzip stream -- crc32 mismatch: ", in);
            if (len != (out_tot & LOW32))
                bail("corrupted gzip stream -- length mismatch: ", in);
        }

        /* show file information if requested */
        if (list) {
            in_tot = clen;
            show_info(8, check, out_tot, cont);
            cont = 1;
        }

        /* if a gzip or zlib entry follows a gzip or zlib entry, decompress it
           (don't replace saved header information from first entry) */
    } while (form < 2 && (ret = get_header(0)) == 8 && form < 2);
    if (ret != -1 && form < 2)
        fprintf(stderr, "%s OK, has trailing junk which was ignored\n", in);
}

/* --- decompress Unix compress (LZW) input --- */

/* memory for unlzw() --
   the first 256 entries of prefix[] and suffix[] are never used, could
   have offset the index, but it's faster to waste the memory */
unsigned short prefix[65536];           /* index to LZW prefix string */
unsigned char suffix[65536];            /* one-character LZW suffix */
unsigned char match[65280 + 2];         /* buffer for reversed match */

/* throw out what's left in the current bits byte buffer (this is a vestigial
   aspect of the compressed data format derived from an implementation that
   made use of a special VAX machine instruction!) */
#define FLUSHCODE() \
    do { \
        left = 0; \
        rem = 0; \
        if (chunk > in_left) { \
            chunk -= in_left; \
            if (load() == 0) \
                break; \
            if (chunk > in_left) { \
                chunk = in_left = 0; \
                break; \
            } \
        } \
        in_left -= chunk; \
        in_next += chunk; \
        chunk = 0; \
    } while (0)

/* Decompress a compress (LZW) file from ind to outd.  The compress magic
   header (two bytes) has already been read and verified. */
local void unlzw(void)
{
    int got;                    /* byte just read by GET() */
    unsigned chunk;             /* bytes left in current chunk */
    int left;                   /* bits left in rem */
    unsigned rem;               /* unused bits from input */
    int bits;                   /* current bits per code */
    unsigned code;              /* code, table traversal index */
    unsigned mask;              /* mask for current bits codes */
    int max;                    /* maximum bits per code for this stream */
    int flags;                  /* compress flags, then block compress flag */
    unsigned end;               /* last valid entry in prefix/suffix tables */
    unsigned temp;              /* current code */
    unsigned prev;              /* previous code */
    unsigned final;             /* last character written for previous code */
    unsigned stack;             /* next position for reversed string */
    unsigned outcnt;            /* bytes in output buffer */
    unsigned char *p;

    /* process remainder of compress header -- a flags byte */
    out_tot = 0;
    flags = GET();
    if (in_eof)
        bail("missing lzw data: ", in);
    if (flags & 0x60)
        bail("unknown lzw flags set: ", in);
    max = flags & 0x1f;
    if (max < 9 || max > 16)
        bail("lzw bits out of range: ", in);
    if (max == 9)                           /* 9 doesn't really mean 9 */
        max = 10;
    flags &= 0x80;                          /* true if block compress */

    /* clear table */
    bits = 9;
    mask = 0x1ff;
    end = flags ? 256 : 255;

    /* set up: get first 9-bit code, which is the first decompressed byte, but
       don't create a table entry until the next code */
    got = GET();
    if (in_eof)                             /* no compressed data is ok */
        return;
    final = prev = (unsigned)got;           /* low 8 bits of code */
    got = GET();
    if (in_eof || (got & 1) != 0)           /* missing a bit or code >= 256 */
        bail("invalid lzw code: ", in);
    rem = (unsigned)got >> 1;               /* remaining 7 bits */
    left = 7;
    chunk = bits - 2;                       /* 7 bytes left in this chunk */
    out_buf[0] = (unsigned char)final;      /* write first decompressed byte */
    outcnt = 1;

    /* decode codes */
    stack = 0;
    for (;;) {
        /* if the table will be full after this, increment the code size */
        if (end >= mask && bits < max) {
            FLUSHCODE();
            bits++;
            mask <<= 1;
            mask++;
        }

        /* get a code of length bits */
        if (chunk == 0)                     /* decrement chunk modulo bits */
            chunk = bits;
        code = rem;                         /* low bits of code */
        got = GET();
        if (in_eof) {                       /* EOF is end of compressed data */
            /* write remaining buffered output */
            out_tot += outcnt;
            if (outcnt && decode == 1)
                writen(outd, out_buf, outcnt);
            return;
        }
        code += (unsigned)got << left;      /* middle (or high) bits of code */
        left += 8;
        chunk--;
        if (bits > left) {                  /* need more bits */
            got = GET();
            if (in_eof)                     /* can't end in middle of code */
                bail("invalid lzw code: ", in);
            code += (unsigned)got << left;  /* high bits of code */
            left += 8;
            chunk--;
        }
        code &= mask;                       /* mask to current code length */
        left -= bits;                       /* number of unused bits */
        rem = (unsigned)got >> (8 - left);  /* unused bits from last byte */

        /* process clear code (256) */
        if (code == 256 && flags) {
            FLUSHCODE();
            bits = 9;                       /* initialize bits and mask */
            mask = 0x1ff;
            end = 255;                      /* empty table */
            continue;                       /* get next code */
        }

        /* special code to reuse last match */
        temp = code;                        /* save the current code */
        if (code > end) {
            /* Be picky on the allowed code here, and make sure that the code
               we drop through (prev) will be a valid index so that random
               input does not cause an exception.  The code != end + 1 check is
               empirically derived, and not checked in the original uncompress
               code.  If this ever causes a problem, that check could be safely
               removed.  Leaving this check in greatly improves pigz's ability
               to detect random or corrupted input after a compress header.
               In any case, the prev > end check must be retained. */
            if (code != end + 1 || prev > end)
                bail("invalid lzw code: ", in);
            match[stack++] = (unsigned char)final;
            code = prev;
        }

        /* walk through linked list to generate output in reverse order */
        p = match + stack;
        while (code >= 256) {
            *p++ = suffix[code];
            code = prefix[code];
        }
        stack = p - match;
        match[stack++] = (unsigned char)code;
        final = code;

        /* link new table entry */
        if (end < mask) {
            end++;
            prefix[end] = (unsigned short)prev;
            suffix[end] = (unsigned char)final;
        }

        /* set previous code for next iteration */
        prev = temp;

        /* write output in forward order */
        while (stack > OUTSIZE - outcnt) {
            while (outcnt < OUTSIZE)
                out_buf[outcnt++] = match[--stack];
            out_tot += outcnt;
            if (decode == 1)
                writen(outd, out_buf, outcnt);
            outcnt = 0;
        }
        p = match + stack;
        do {
            out_buf[outcnt++] = *--p;
        } while (p > match);
        stack = 0;

        /* loop for next code with final and prev as the last match, rem and
           left provide the first 0..7 bits of the next code, end is the last
           valid table entry */
    }
}

/* --- file processing --- */

/* extract file name from path */
local char *justname(char *path)
{
    char *p;

    p = path + strlen(path);
    while (--p >= path)
        if (*p == '/')
            break;
    return p + 1;
}

/* Copy file attributes, from -> to, as best we can.  This is best effort, so
   no errors are reported.  The mode bits, including suid, sgid, and the sticky
   bit are copied (if allowed), the owner's user id and group id are copied
   (again if allowed), and the access and modify times are copied. */
local void copymeta(char *from, char *to)
{
    struct stat st;
    struct timeval times[2];

    /* get all of from's Unix meta data, return if not a regular file */
    if (stat(from, &st) != 0 || (st.st_mode & S_IFMT) != S_IFREG)
        return;

    /* set to's mode bits, ignore errors */
    chmod(to, st.st_mode & 07777);

    /* copy owner's user and group, ignore errors */
    chown(to, st.st_uid, st.st_gid);

    /* copy access and modify times, ignore errors */
    times[0].tv_sec = st.st_atime;
    times[0].tv_usec = 0;
    times[1].tv_sec = st.st_mtime;
    times[1].tv_usec = 0;
    utimes(to, times);
}

/* set the access and modify times of fd to t */
local void touch(char *path, time_t t)
{
    struct timeval times[2];

    times[0].tv_sec = t;
    times[0].tv_usec = 0;
    times[1].tv_sec = t;
    times[1].tv_usec = 0;
    utimes(path, times);
}

/* process provided input file, or stdin if path is NULL -- process() can
   call itself for recursive directory processing */
local void process(char *path)
{
    int method = -1;                /* get_header() return value */
    size_t len;                     /* length of base name (minus suffix) */
    struct stat st;                 /* to get file type and mod time */

    /* open input file with name in, descriptor ind -- set name and mtime */
    if (path == NULL) {
        strcpy(in, "<stdin>");
        ind = 0;
        name = NULL;
        mtime = headis & 2 ?
                (fstat(ind, &st) ? time(NULL) : st.st_mtime) : 0;
        len = 0;
    }
    else {
        /* set input file name (already set if recursed here) */
        if (path != in) {
            strncpy(in, path, sizeof(in));
            if (in[sizeof(in) - 1])
                bail("name too long: ", path);
        }
        len = strlen(in);

        /* only process regular files, but allow symbolic links if -f,
           recurse into directory if -r */
        if (lstat(in, &st)) {
#ifdef EOVERFLOW
            if (errno == EOVERFLOW || errno == EFBIG)
                bail(in,
                    " too large -- pigz not compiled with large file support");
#endif
            if (verbosity > 0)
                fprintf(stderr, "%s does not exist -- skipping\n", in);
            return;
        }
        if ((st.st_mode & S_IFMT) != S_IFREG &&
            (st.st_mode & S_IFMT) != S_IFLNK &&
            (st.st_mode & S_IFMT) != S_IFDIR) {
            if (verbosity > 0)
                fprintf(stderr, "%s is a special file or device -- skipping\n",
                        in);
            return;
        }
        if ((st.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFLNK && !force && !pipeout) {
            if (verbosity > 0)
                fprintf(stderr, "%s is a symbolic link -- skipping\n", in);
            return;
        }
        if ((st.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFDIR && !recurse) {
            if (verbosity > 0)
                fprintf(stderr, "%s is a directory -- skipping\n", in);
            return;
        }

        /* recurse into directory (assumes Unix) */
        if ((st.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFDIR) {
            char *roll, *item, *cut, *base, *bigger;
            size_t len, hold;
            DIR *here;
            struct dirent *next;

            /* accumulate list of entries (need to do this, since readdir()
               behavior not defined if directory modified between calls) */
            here = opendir(in);
            if (here == NULL)
                return;
            hold = 512;
            roll = malloc(hold);
            if (roll == NULL)
                bail("not enough memory", "");
            *roll = 0;
            item = roll;
            while ((next = readdir(here)) != NULL) {
                if (next->d_name[0] == 0 ||
                    (next->d_name[0] == '.' && (next->d_name[1] == 0 ||
                     (next->d_name[1] == '.' && next->d_name[2] == 0))))
                    continue;
                len = strlen(next->d_name) + 1;
                if (item + len + 1 > roll + hold) {
                    do {                    /* make roll bigger */
                        hold <<= 1;
                    } while (item + len + 1 > roll + hold);
                    bigger = realloc(roll, hold);
                    if (bigger == NULL) {
                        free(roll);
                        bail("not enough memory", "");
                    }
                    item = bigger + (item - roll);
                    roll = bigger;
                }
                strcpy(item, next->d_name);
                item += len;
                *item = 0;
            }
            closedir(here);

            /* run process() for each entry in the directory */
            cut = base = in + strlen(in);
            if (base > in && base[-1] != (unsigned char)'/') {
                if ((size_t)(base - in) >= sizeof(in))
                    bail("path too long", in);
                *base++ = '/';
            }
            item = roll;
            while (*item) {
                strncpy(base, item, sizeof(in) - (base - in));
                if (in[sizeof(in) - 1]) {
                    strcpy(in + (sizeof(in) - 4), "...");
                    bail("path too long: ", in);
                }
                process(in);
                item += strlen(item) + 1;
            }
            *cut = 0;

            /* release list of entries */
            free(roll);
            return;
        }

        /* don't compress .gz (or provided suffix) files, unless -f */
        if (!(force || list || decode) && len >= strlen(sufx) &&
                strcmp(in + len - strlen(sufx), sufx) == 0) {
            if (verbosity > 0)
                fprintf(stderr, "%s ends with %s -- skipping\n", in, sufx);
            return;
        }

        /* only decompress or list files with compressed suffix */
        if (list || decode) {
            int suf = compressed_suffix(in);
            if (suf == 0) {
                if (verbosity > 0)
                    fprintf(stderr,
                            "%s does not have compressed suffix -- skipping\n",
                            in);
                return;
            }
            len -= suf;
        }

        /* open input file */
        ind = open(in, O_RDONLY, 0);
        if (ind < 0)
            bail("read error on ", in);

        /* prepare gzip header information for compression */
        name = headis & 1 ? justname(in) : NULL;
        mtime = headis & 2 ? st.st_mtime : 0;
    }
    SET_BINARY_MODE(ind);

    /* if decoding or testing, try to read gzip header */
    hname = NULL;
    if (decode) {
        in_init();
        method = get_header(1);
        if (method != 8 && method != 256) {
            RELEASE(hname);
            if (ind != 0)
                close(ind);
            if (method != -1 && verbosity > 0)
                fprintf(stderr,
                    method < 0 ? "%s is not compressed -- skipping\n" :
                        "%s has unknown compression method -- skipping\n",
                    in);
            return;
        }

        /* if requested, test input file (possibly a special list) */
        if (decode == 2) {
            if (method == 8)
                infchk();
            else {
                unlzw();
                if (list) {
                    in_tot -= 3;
                    show_info(method, 0, out_tot, 0);
                }
            }
            RELEASE(hname);
            if (ind != 0)
                close(ind);
            return;
        }
    }

    /* if requested, just list information about input file */
    if (list) {
        list_info();
        RELEASE(hname);
        if (ind != 0)
            close(ind);
        return;
    }

    /* create output file out, descriptor outd */
    if (path == NULL || pipeout) {
        /* write to stdout */
        out = malloc(strlen("<stdout>") + 1);
        if (out == NULL)
            bail("not enough memory", "");
        strcpy(out, "<stdout>");
        outd = 1;
        if (!decode && !force && isatty(outd))
            bail("trying to write compressed data to a terminal",
                 " (use -f to force)");
    }
    else {
        char *to;

        /* use header name for output when decompressing with -N */
        to = in;
        if (decode && (headis & 1) != 0 && hname != NULL) {
            to = hname;
            len = strlen(hname);
        }

        /* create output file and open to write */
        out = malloc(len + (decode ? 0 : strlen(sufx)) + 1);
        if (out == NULL)
            bail("not enough memory", "");
        memcpy(out, to, len);
        strcpy(out + len, decode ? "" : sufx);
        outd = open(out, O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_WRONLY |
                         (force ? 0 : O_EXCL), 0666<