diff --git a/tests/component/verifier_test.cpp b/tests/component/verifier_test.cpp
index 14b6060..480f3c9 100644
--- a/tests/component/verifier_test.cpp
+++ b/tests/component/verifier_test.cpp
@@ -238,8 +238,9 @@
     }
 
     for (auto it = ++args.cbegin(); it != args.cend(); ++it) {
-      std::string public_key_file = from_testdata_base("testkey_" + *it + ".txt");
-      ASSERT_TRUE(load_keys(public_key_file.c_str(), certs));
+      std::string public_key_file = from_testdata_base("testkey_" + *it + ".x509.pem");
+      certs.emplace_back(0, Certificate::KEY_TYPE_RSA, nullptr, nullptr);
+      LoadKeyFromFile(public_key_file, &certs.back());
     }
   }
 
@@ -253,70 +254,10 @@
 class VerifierFailureTest : public VerifierTest {
 };
 
-TEST(VerifierTest, load_keys_multiple_keys) {
-  std::string testkey_v4;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFileToString(from_testdata_base("testkey_v4.txt"), &testkey_v4));
-
-  std::string testkey_v3;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFileToString(from_testdata_base("testkey_v3.txt"), &testkey_v3));
-
-  std::string keys = testkey_v4 + "," + testkey_v3 + "," + testkey_v4;
-  TemporaryFile key_file1;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFile(keys, key_file1.path));
-  std::vector<Certificate> certs;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(load_keys(key_file1.path, certs));
-  ASSERT_EQ(3U, certs.size());
-}
-
-TEST(VerifierTest, load_keys_invalid_keys) {
-  std::vector<Certificate> certs;
-  ASSERT_FALSE(load_keys("/doesntexist", certs));
-
-  // Empty file.
-  TemporaryFile key_file1;
-  ASSERT_FALSE(load_keys(key_file1.path, certs));
-
-  // Invalid contents.
-  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFile("invalid", key_file1.path));
-  ASSERT_FALSE(load_keys(key_file1.path, certs));
-
-  std::string testkey_v4;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFileToString(from_testdata_base("testkey_v4.txt"), &testkey_v4));
-
-  // Invalid key version: "v4 ..." => "v6 ...".
-  std::string invalid_key2(testkey_v4);
-  invalid_key2[1] = '6';
-  TemporaryFile key_file2;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFile(invalid_key2, key_file2.path));
-  ASSERT_FALSE(load_keys(key_file2.path, certs));
-
-  // Invalid key content: inserted extra bytes ",2209831334".
-  std::string invalid_key3(testkey_v4);
-  invalid_key3.insert(invalid_key2.size() - 2, ",2209831334");
-  TemporaryFile key_file3;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFile(invalid_key3, key_file3.path));
-  ASSERT_FALSE(load_keys(key_file3.path, certs));
-
-  // Invalid key: the last key must not end with an extra ','.
-  std::string invalid_key4 = testkey_v4 + ",";
-  TemporaryFile key_file4;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFile(invalid_key4, key_file4.path));
-  ASSERT_FALSE(load_keys(key_file4.path, certs));
-
-  // Invalid key separator.
-  std::string invalid_key5 = testkey_v4 + ";" + testkey_v4;
-  TemporaryFile key_file5;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFile(invalid_key5, key_file5.path));
-  ASSERT_FALSE(load_keys(key_file5.path, certs));
-}
-
 TEST(VerifierTest, BadPackage_AlteredFooter) {
-  std::string testkey_v3;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFileToString(from_testdata_base("testkey_v3.txt"), &testkey_v3));
-  TemporaryFile key_file1;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFile(testkey_v3, key_file1.path));
   std::vector<Certificate> certs;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(load_keys(key_file1.path, certs));
+  certs.emplace_back(0, Certificate::KEY_TYPE_RSA, nullptr, nullptr);
+  LoadKeyFromFile(from_testdata_base("testkey_v3.x509.pem"), &certs.back());
 
   std::string package;
   ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFileToString(from_testdata_base("otasigned_v3.zip"), &package));
@@ -330,12 +271,9 @@
 }
 
 TEST(VerifierTest, BadPackage_AlteredContent) {
-  std::string testkey_v3;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFileToString(from_testdata_base("testkey_v3.txt"), &testkey_v3));
-  TemporaryFile key_file1;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFile(testkey_v3, key_file1.path));
   std::vector<Certificate> certs;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(load_keys(key_file1.path, certs));
+  certs.emplace_back(0, Certificate::KEY_TYPE_RSA, nullptr, nullptr);
+  LoadKeyFromFile(from_testdata_base("testkey_v3.x509.pem"), &certs.back());
 
   std::string package;
   ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFileToString(from_testdata_base("otasigned_v3.zip"), &package));
@@ -356,13 +294,9 @@
 }
 
 TEST(VerifierTest, BadPackage_SignatureStartOutOfBounds) {
-  std::string testkey_v3;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFileToString(from_testdata_base("testkey_v3.txt"), &testkey_v3));
-
-  TemporaryFile key_file;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFile(testkey_v3, key_file.path));
   std::vector<Certificate> certs;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(load_keys(key_file.path, certs));
+  certs.emplace_back(0, Certificate::KEY_TYPE_RSA, nullptr, nullptr);
+  LoadKeyFromFile(from_testdata_base("testkey_v3.x509.pem"), &certs.back());
 
   // Signature start is 65535 (0xffff) while comment size is 0 (Bug: 31914369).
   std::string package = "\x50\x4b\x05\x06"s + std::string(12, '\0') + "\xff\xff\xff\xff\x00\x00"s;
diff --git a/verifier.cpp b/verifier.cpp
index 2dfc208..44bd4e1 100644
--- a/verifier.cpp
+++ b/verifier.cpp
@@ -308,144 +308,6 @@
   return VERIFY_FAILURE;
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<RSA, RSADeleter> parse_rsa_key(FILE* file, uint32_t exponent) {
-    // Read key length in words and n0inv. n0inv is a precomputed montgomery
-    // parameter derived from the modulus and can be used to speed up
-    // verification. n0inv is 32 bits wide here, assuming the verification logic
-    // uses 32 bit arithmetic. However, BoringSSL may use a word size of 64 bits
-    // internally, in which case we don't have a valid n0inv. Thus, we just
-    // ignore the montgomery parameters and have BoringSSL recompute them
-    // internally. If/When the speedup from using the montgomery parameters
-    // becomes relevant, we can add more sophisticated code here to obtain a
-    // 64-bit n0inv and initialize the montgomery parameters in the key object.
-    uint32_t key_len_words = 0;
-    uint32_t n0inv = 0;
-    if (fscanf(file, " %i , 0x%x", &key_len_words, &n0inv) != 2) {
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    if (key_len_words > 8192 / 32) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "key length (" << key_len_words << ") too large";
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    // Read the modulus.
-    std::unique_ptr<uint32_t[]> modulus(new uint32_t[key_len_words]);
-    if (fscanf(file, " , { %u", &modulus[0]) != 1) {
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    for (uint32_t i = 1; i < key_len_words; ++i) {
-        if (fscanf(file, " , %u", &modulus[i]) != 1) {
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Cconvert from little-endian array of little-endian words to big-endian
-    // byte array suitable as input for BN_bin2bn.
-    std::reverse((uint8_t*)modulus.get(),
-                 (uint8_t*)(modulus.get() + key_len_words));
-
-    // The next sequence of values is the montgomery parameter R^2. Since we
-    // generally don't have a valid |n0inv|, we ignore this (see comment above).
-    uint32_t rr_value;
-    if (fscanf(file, " } , { %u", &rr_value) != 1) {
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    for (uint32_t i = 1; i < key_len_words; ++i) {
-        if (fscanf(file, " , %u", &rr_value) != 1) {
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-    }
-    if (fscanf(file, " } } ") != 0) {
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    // Initialize the key.
-    std::unique_ptr<RSA, RSADeleter> key(RSA_new());
-    if (!key) {
-      return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    key->n = BN_bin2bn((uint8_t*)modulus.get(),
-                       key_len_words * sizeof(uint32_t), NULL);
-    if (!key->n) {
-      return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    key->e = BN_new();
-    if (!key->e || !BN_set_word(key->e, exponent)) {
-      return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    return key;
-}
-
-struct BNDeleter {
-  void operator()(BIGNUM* bn) const {
-    BN_free(bn);
-  }
-};
-
-std::unique_ptr<EC_KEY, ECKEYDeleter> parse_ec_key(FILE* file) {
-    uint32_t key_len_bytes = 0;
-    if (fscanf(file, " %i", &key_len_bytes) != 1) {
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    std::unique_ptr<EC_GROUP, void (*)(EC_GROUP*)> group(
-        EC_GROUP_new_by_curve_name(NID_X9_62_prime256v1), EC_GROUP_free);
-    if (!group) {
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    // Verify that |key_len| matches the group order.
-    if (key_len_bytes != BN_num_bytes(EC_GROUP_get0_order(group.get()))) {
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    // Read the public key coordinates. Note that the byte order in the file is
-    // little-endian, so we convert to big-endian here.
-    std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> bytes(new uint8_t[key_len_bytes]);
-    std::unique_ptr<BIGNUM, BNDeleter> point[2];
-    for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
-        unsigned int byte = 0;
-        if (fscanf(file, " , { %u", &byte) != 1) {
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-        bytes[key_len_bytes - 1] = byte;
-
-        for (size_t i = 1; i < key_len_bytes; ++i) {
-            if (fscanf(file, " , %u", &byte) != 1) {
-                return nullptr;
-            }
-            bytes[key_len_bytes - i - 1] = byte;
-        }
-
-        point[i].reset(BN_bin2bn(bytes.get(), key_len_bytes, nullptr));
-        if (!point[i]) {
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-
-        if (fscanf(file, " }") != 0) {
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (fscanf(file, " } ") != 0) {
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    // Create and initialize the key.
-    std::unique_ptr<EC_KEY, ECKEYDeleter> key(EC_KEY_new());
-    if (!key || !EC_KEY_set_group(key.get(), group.get()) ||
-        !EC_KEY_set_public_key_affine_coordinates(key.get(), point[0].get(),
-                                                  point[1].get())) {
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    return key;
-}
-
 static std::vector<Certificate> IterateZipEntriesAndSearchForKeys(const ZipArchiveHandle& handle) {
   void* cookie;
   ZipString suffix("x509.pem");
@@ -603,114 +465,3 @@
 
   return true;
 }
-
-// Reads a file containing one or more public keys as produced by
-// DumpPublicKey:  this is an RSAPublicKey struct as it would appear
-// as a C source literal, eg:
-//
-//  "{64,0xc926ad21,{1795090719,...,-695002876},{-857949815,...,1175080310}}"
-//
-// For key versions newer than the original 2048-bit e=3 keys
-// supported by Android, the string is preceded by a version
-// identifier, eg:
-//
-//  "v2 {64,0xc926ad21,{1795090719,...,-695002876},{-857949815,...,1175080310}}"
-//
-// (Note that the braces and commas in this example are actual
-// characters the parser expects to find in the file; the ellipses
-// indicate more numbers omitted from this example.)
-//
-// The file may contain multiple keys in this format, separated by
-// commas.  The last key must not be followed by a comma.
-//
-// A Certificate is a pair of an RSAPublicKey and a particular hash
-// (we support SHA-1 and SHA-256; we store the hash length to signify
-// which is being used).  The hash used is implied by the version number.
-//
-//       1: 2048-bit RSA key with e=3 and SHA-1 hash
-//       2: 2048-bit RSA key with e=65537 and SHA-1 hash
-//       3: 2048-bit RSA key with e=3 and SHA-256 hash
-//       4: 2048-bit RSA key with e=65537 and SHA-256 hash
-//       5: 256-bit EC key using the NIST P-256 curve parameters and SHA-256 hash
-//
-// Returns true on success, and appends the found keys (at least one) to certs.
-// Otherwise returns false if the file failed to parse, or if it contains zero
-// keys. The contents in certs would be unspecified on failure.
-bool load_keys(const char* filename, std::vector<Certificate>& certs) {
-  std::unique_ptr<FILE, decltype(&fclose)> f(fopen(filename, "re"), fclose);
-  if (!f) {
-    PLOG(ERROR) << "error opening " << filename;
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  while (true) {
-    certs.emplace_back(0, Certificate::KEY_TYPE_RSA, nullptr, nullptr);
-    Certificate& cert = certs.back();
-    uint32_t exponent = 0;
-
-    char start_char;
-    if (fscanf(f.get(), " %c", &start_char) != 1) return false;
-    if (start_char == '{') {
-      // a version 1 key has no version specifier.
-      cert.key_type = Certificate::KEY_TYPE_RSA;
-      exponent = 3;
-      cert.hash_len = SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH;
-    } else if (start_char == 'v') {
-      int version;
-      if (fscanf(f.get(), "%d {", &version) != 1) return false;
-      switch (version) {
-        case 2:
-          cert.key_type = Certificate::KEY_TYPE_RSA;
-          exponent = 65537;
-          cert.hash_len = SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH;
-          break;
-        case 3:
-          cert.key_type = Certificate::KEY_TYPE_RSA;
-          exponent = 3;
-          cert.hash_len = SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH;
-          break;
-        case 4:
-          cert.key_type = Certificate::KEY_TYPE_RSA;
-          exponent = 65537;
-          cert.hash_len = SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH;
-          break;
-        case 5:
-          cert.key_type = Certificate::KEY_TYPE_EC;
-          cert.hash_len = SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH;
-          break;
-        default:
-          return false;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (cert.key_type == Certificate::KEY_TYPE_RSA) {
-      cert.rsa = parse_rsa_key(f.get(), exponent);
-      if (!cert.rsa) {
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      LOG(INFO) << "read key e=" << exponent << " hash=" << cert.hash_len;
-    } else if (cert.key_type == Certificate::KEY_TYPE_EC) {
-      cert.ec = parse_ec_key(f.get());
-      if (!cert.ec) {
-        return false;
-      }
-    } else {
-      LOG(ERROR) << "Unknown key type " << cert.key_type;
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    // if the line ends in a comma, this file has more keys.
-    int ch = fgetc(f.get());
-    if (ch == ',') {
-      // more keys to come.
-      continue;
-    } else if (ch == EOF) {
-      break;
-    } else {
-      LOG(ERROR) << "unexpected character between keys";
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-  return true;
-}
diff --git a/verifier.h b/verifier.h
index 9448232..df9a4b6 100644
--- a/verifier.h
+++ b/verifier.h
@@ -70,8 +70,6 @@
 int verify_file(const unsigned char* addr, size_t length, const std::vector<Certificate>& keys,
                 const std::function<void(float)>& set_progress = nullptr);
 
-bool load_keys(const char* filename, std::vector<Certificate>& certs);
-
 // Checks that the RSA key has a modulus of 2048 bits long, and public exponent is 3 or 65537.
 bool CheckRSAKey(const std::unique_ptr<RSA, RSADeleter>& rsa);