diff --git a/minui/graphics.c b/minui/graphics.c
index a2014dc..c2fc9ea 100644
--- a/minui/graphics.c
+++ b/minui/graphics.c
@@ -28,37 +28,19 @@
 #include <linux/fb.h>
 #include <linux/kd.h>
 
-#include <pixelflinger/pixelflinger.h>
+#include <time.h>
 
 #include "font_10x18.h"
 #include "minui.h"
 
-#if defined(RECOVERY_BGRA)
-#define PIXEL_FORMAT GGL_PIXEL_FORMAT_BGRA_8888
-#define PIXEL_SIZE   4
-#elif defined(RECOVERY_RGBX)
-#define PIXEL_FORMAT GGL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBX_8888
-#define PIXEL_SIZE   4
-#else
-#define PIXEL_FORMAT GGL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGB_565
-#define PIXEL_SIZE   2
-#endif
-
-#define NUM_BUFFERS 2
-
 typedef struct {
-    GGLSurface* texture;
-    unsigned cwidth;
-    unsigned cheight;
+    GRSurface* texture;
+    int cwidth;
+    int cheight;
 } GRFont;
 
-static GRFont *gr_font = 0;
-static GGLContext *gr_context = 0;
-static GGLSurface gr_font_texture;
-static GGLSurface gr_framebuffer[NUM_BUFFERS];
-static GGLSurface gr_mem_surface;
-static unsigned gr_active_fb = 0;
-static unsigned double_buffering = 0;
+static GRFont* gr_font = NULL;
+
 static int overscan_percent = OVERSCAN_PERCENT;
 static int overscan_offset_x = 0;
 static int overscan_offset_y = 0;
@@ -66,66 +48,81 @@
 static int gr_fb_fd = -1;
 static int gr_vt_fd = -1;
 
-static struct fb_var_screeninfo vi;
-static struct fb_fix_screeninfo fi;
+static GRSurface gr_framebuffer[2];
+static bool double_buffered;
+static GRSurface* gr_draw = NULL;
+static int displayed_buffer;
 
-static int get_framebuffer(GGLSurface *fb)
+static unsigned char gr_current_r = 255;
+static unsigned char gr_current_g = 255;
+static unsigned char gr_current_b = 255;
+static unsigned char gr_current_a = 255;
+
+static struct fb_var_screeninfo vi;
+
+static bool outside(int x, int y)
+{
+    return x < 0 || x >= gr_draw->width || y < 0 || y >= gr_draw->height;
+}
+
+static void set_displayed_framebuffer(unsigned n)
+{
+    if (n > 1 || !double_buffered) return;
+
+    vi.yres_virtual = gr_framebuffer[0].height * 2;
+    vi.yoffset = n * gr_framebuffer[0].height;
+    vi.bits_per_pixel = gr_framebuffer[0].pixel_bytes * 8;
+    if (ioctl(gr_fb_fd, FBIOPUT_VSCREENINFO, &vi) < 0) {
+        perror("active fb swap failed");
+    }
+    displayed_buffer = n;
+}
+
+static int get_framebuffer()
 {
     int fd;
     void *bits;
 
+    struct fb_fix_screeninfo fi;
+
     fd = open("/dev/graphics/fb0", O_RDWR);
     if (fd < 0) {
         perror("cannot open fb0");
         return -1;
     }
 
+    if (ioctl(fd, FBIOGET_FSCREENINFO, &fi) < 0) {
+        perror("failed to get fb0 info");
+        close(fd);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
     if (ioctl(fd, FBIOGET_VSCREENINFO, &vi) < 0) {
         perror("failed to get fb0 info");
         close(fd);
         return -1;
     }
 
-    vi.bits_per_pixel = PIXEL_SIZE * 8;
-    if (PIXEL_FORMAT == GGL_PIXEL_FORMAT_BGRA_8888) {
-      vi.red.offset     = 8;
-      vi.red.length     = 8;
-      vi.green.offset   = 16;
-      vi.green.length   = 8;
-      vi.blue.offset    = 24;
-      vi.blue.length    = 8;
-      vi.transp.offset  = 0;
-      vi.transp.length  = 8;
-    } else if (PIXEL_FORMAT == GGL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBX_8888) {
-      vi.red.offset     = 24;
-      vi.red.length     = 8;
-      vi.green.offset   = 16;
-      vi.green.length   = 8;
-      vi.blue.offset    = 8;
-      vi.blue.length    = 8;
-      vi.transp.offset  = 0;
-      vi.transp.length  = 8;
-    } else { /* RGB565*/
-      vi.red.offset     = 11;
-      vi.red.length     = 5;
-      vi.green.offset   = 5;
-      vi.green.length   = 6;
-      vi.blue.offset    = 0;
-      vi.blue.length    = 5;
-      vi.transp.offset  = 0;
-      vi.transp.length  = 0;
-    }
-    if (ioctl(fd, FBIOPUT_VSCREENINFO, &vi) < 0) {
-        perror("failed to put fb0 info");
-        close(fd);
-        return -1;
-    }
+    // We print this out for informational purposes only, but
+    // throughout we assume that the framebuffer device uses an RGBX
+    // pixel format.  This is the case for every development device I
+    // have access to.  For some of those devices (eg, hammerhead aka
+    // Nexus 5), FBIOGET_VSCREENINFO *reports* that it wants a
+    // different format (XBGR) but actually produces the correct
+    // results on the display when you write RGBX.
+    //
+    // If you have a device that actually *needs* another pixel format
+    // (ie, BGRX, or 565), patches welcome...
 
-    if (ioctl(fd, FBIOGET_FSCREENINFO, &fi) < 0) {
-        perror("failed to get fb0 info");
-        close(fd);
-        return -1;
-    }
+    printf("fb0 reports (possibly inaccurate):\n"
+           "  vi.bits_per_pixel = %d\n"
+           "  vi.red.offset   = %3d   .length = %3d\n"
+           "  vi.green.offset = %3d   .length = %3d\n"
+           "  vi.blue.offset  = %3d   .length = %3d\n",
+           vi.bits_per_pixel,
+           vi.red.offset, vi.red.length,
+           vi.green.offset, vi.green.length,
+           vi.blue.offset, vi.blue.length);
 
     bits = mmap(0, fi.smem_len, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
     if (bits == MAP_FAILED) {
@@ -137,79 +134,59 @@
     overscan_offset_x = vi.xres * overscan_percent / 100;
     overscan_offset_y = vi.yres * overscan_percent / 100;
 
-    fb->version = sizeof(*fb);
-    fb->width = vi.xres;
-    fb->height = vi.yres;
-    fb->stride = fi.line_length/PIXEL_SIZE;
-    fb->data = bits;
-    fb->format = PIXEL_FORMAT;
-    memset(fb->data, 0, vi.yres * fi.line_length);
-
-    fb++;
+    gr_framebuffer[0].width = vi.xres;
+    gr_framebuffer[0].height = vi.yres;
+    gr_framebuffer[0].row_bytes = fi.line_length;
+    gr_framebuffer[0].pixel_bytes = vi.bits_per_pixel / 8;
+    gr_framebuffer[0].data = bits;
+    memset(gr_framebuffer[0].data, 0, gr_framebuffer[0].height * gr_framebuffer[0].row_bytes);
 
     /* check if we can use double buffering */
-    if (vi.yres * fi.line_length * 2 > fi.smem_len)
-        return fd;
+    if (vi.yres * fi.line_length * 2 <= fi.smem_len) {
+        double_buffered = true;
 
-    double_buffering = 1;
+        memcpy(gr_framebuffer+1, gr_framebuffer, sizeof(GRSurface));
+        gr_framebuffer[1].data = gr_framebuffer[0].data +
+            gr_framebuffer[0].height * gr_framebuffer[0].row_bytes;
 
-    fb->version = sizeof(*fb);
-    fb->width = vi.xres;
-    fb->height = vi.yres;
-    fb->stride = fi.line_length/PIXEL_SIZE;
-    fb->data = (void*) (((char*) bits) + vi.yres * fi.line_length);
-    fb->format = PIXEL_FORMAT;
-    memset(fb->data, 0, vi.yres * fi.line_length);
+        gr_draw = gr_framebuffer+1;
+
+    } else {
+        double_buffered = false;
+
+        // Without double-buffering, we allocate RAM for a buffer to
+        // draw in, and then "flipping" the buffer consists of a
+        // memcpy from the buffer we allocated to the framebuffer.
+
+        gr_draw = (GRSurface*) malloc(sizeof(GRSurface));
+        memcpy(gr_draw, gr_framebuffer, sizeof(GRSurface));
+        gr_draw->data = (unsigned char*) malloc(gr_draw->height * gr_draw->row_bytes);
+        if (!gr_draw->data) {
+            perror("failed to allocate in-memory surface");
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    memset(gr_draw->data, 0, gr_draw->height * gr_draw->row_bytes);
+    gr_fb_fd = fd;
+    set_displayed_framebuffer(0);
 
     return fd;
 }
 
-static void get_memory_surface(GGLSurface* ms) {
-  ms->version = sizeof(*ms);
-  ms->width = vi.xres;
-  ms->height = vi.yres;
-  ms->stride = fi.line_length/PIXEL_SIZE;
-  ms->data = malloc(fi.line_length * vi.yres);
-  ms->format = PIXEL_FORMAT;
-}
-
-static void set_active_framebuffer(unsigned n)
-{
-    if (n > 1 || !double_buffering) return;
-    vi.yres_virtual = vi.yres * NUM_BUFFERS;
-    vi.yoffset = n * vi.yres;
-    vi.bits_per_pixel = PIXEL_SIZE * 8;
-    if (ioctl(gr_fb_fd, FBIOPUT_VSCREENINFO, &vi) < 0) {
-        perror("active fb swap failed");
-    }
-}
-
 void gr_flip(void)
 {
-    GGLContext *gl = gr_context;
-
-    /* swap front and back buffers */
-    if (double_buffering)
-        gr_active_fb = (gr_active_fb + 1) & 1;
-
-    /* copy data from the in-memory surface to the buffer we're about
-     * to make active. */
-    memcpy(gr_framebuffer[gr_active_fb].data, gr_mem_surface.data,
-           fi.line_length * vi.yres);
-
-    /* inform the display driver */
-    set_active_framebuffer(gr_active_fb);
-}
-
-void gr_color(unsigned char r, unsigned char g, unsigned char b, unsigned char a)
-{
-    GGLContext *gl = gr_context;
-    GGLint color[4];
-    color[0] = ((r << 8) | r) + 1;
-    color[1] = ((g << 8) | g) + 1;
-    color[2] = ((b << 8) | b) + 1;
-    color[3] = ((a << 8) | a) + 1;
-    gl->color4xv(gl, color);
+    if (double_buffered) {
+        // Change gr_draw to point to the buffer currently displayed,
+        // then flip the driver so we're displaying the other buffer
+        // instead.
+        gr_draw = gr_framebuffer + displayed_buffer;
+        set_displayed_framebuffer(1-displayed_buffer);
+    } else {
+        // Copy from the in-memory surface to the framebuffer.
+        memcpy(gr_framebuffer[0].data, gr_draw->data,
+               gr_draw->height * gr_draw->row_bytes);
+    }
 }
 
 int gr_measure(const char *s)
@@ -223,58 +200,118 @@
     *y = gr_font->cheight;
 }
 
-int gr_text(int x, int y, const char *s, int bold)
+static void text_blend(unsigned char* src_p, int src_row_bytes,
+                       unsigned char* dst_p, int dst_row_bytes,
+                       int width, int height)
 {
-    GGLContext *gl = gr_context;
+    int i, j;
+    for (j = 0; j < height; ++j) {
+        unsigned char* sx = src_p;
+        unsigned char* px = dst_p;
+        for (i = 0; i < width; ++i) {
+            unsigned char a = *sx++;
+            if (gr_current_a < 255) a = ((int)a * gr_current_a) / 255;
+            if (a == 255) {
+                *px++ = gr_current_r;
+                *px++ = gr_current_g;
+                *px++ = gr_current_b;
+                px++;
+            } else if (a > 0) {
+                *px = (*px * (255-a) + gr_current_r * a) / 255;
+                ++px;
+                *px = (*px * (255-a) + gr_current_g * a) / 255;
+                ++px;
+                *px = (*px * (255-a) + gr_current_b * a) / 255;
+                ++px;
+                ++px;
+            } else {
+                px += 4;
+            }
+        }
+        src_p += src_row_bytes;
+        dst_p += dst_row_bytes;
+    }
+}
+
+
+void gr_text(int x, int y, const char *s, int bold)
+{
     GRFont *font = gr_font;
     unsigned off;
 
-    if (!font->texture) return x;
+    if (!font->texture) return;
+    if (gr_current_a == 0) return;
 
     bold = bold && (font->texture->height != font->cheight);
 
     x += overscan_offset_x;
     y += overscan_offset_y;
 
-    gl->bindTexture(gl, font->texture);
-    gl->texEnvi(gl, GGL_TEXTURE_ENV, GGL_TEXTURE_ENV_MODE, GGL_REPLACE);
-    gl->texGeni(gl, GGL_S, GGL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GGL_ONE_TO_ONE);
-    gl->texGeni(gl, GGL_T, GGL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GGL_ONE_TO_ONE);
-    gl->enable(gl, GGL_TEXTURE_2D);
-
     while((off = *s++)) {
         off -= 32;
+        if (outside(x, y) || outside(x+font->cwidth-1, y+font->cheight-1)) break;
         if (off < 96) {
-            gl->texCoord2i(gl, (off * font->cwidth) - x,
-                           (bold ? font->cheight : 0) - y);
-            gl->recti(gl, x, y, x + font->cwidth, y + font->cheight);
+
+            unsigned char* src_p = font->texture->data + (off * font->cwidth) +
+                (bold ? font->cheight * font->texture->row_bytes : 0);
+            unsigned char* dst_p = gr_draw->data + y*gr_draw->row_bytes + x*gr_draw->pixel_bytes;
+
+            text_blend(src_p, font->texture->row_bytes,
+                       dst_p, gr_draw->row_bytes,
+                       font->cwidth, font->cheight);
+
         }
         x += font->cwidth;
     }
-
-    return x;
 }
 
-void gr_texticon(int x, int y, gr_surface icon) {
-    if (gr_context == NULL || icon == NULL) {
+void gr_texticon(int x, int y, GRSurface* icon) {
+    if (icon == NULL) return;
+
+    if (icon->pixel_bytes != 1) {
+        printf("gr_texticon: source has wrong format\n");
         return;
     }
-    GGLContext* gl = gr_context;
 
     x += overscan_offset_x;
     y += overscan_offset_y;
 
-    gl->bindTexture(gl, (GGLSurface*) icon);
-    gl->texEnvi(gl, GGL_TEXTURE_ENV, GGL_TEXTURE_ENV_MODE, GGL_REPLACE);
-    gl->texGeni(gl, GGL_S, GGL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GGL_ONE_TO_ONE);
-    gl->texGeni(gl, GGL_T, GGL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GGL_ONE_TO_ONE);
-    gl->enable(gl, GGL_TEXTURE_2D);
+    if (outside(x, y) || outside(x+icon->width-1, y+icon->height-1)) return;
 
-    int w = gr_get_width(icon);
-    int h = gr_get_height(icon);
+    unsigned char* src_p = icon->data;
+    unsigned char* dst_p = gr_draw->data + y*gr_draw->row_bytes + x*gr_draw->pixel_bytes;
 
-    gl->texCoord2i(gl, -x, -y);
-    gl->recti(gl, x, y, x+gr_get_width(icon), y+gr_get_height(icon));
+    text_blend(src_p, icon->row_bytes,
+               dst_p, gr_draw->row_bytes,
+               icon->width, icon->height);
+}
+
+void gr_color(unsigned char r, unsigned char g, unsigned char b, unsigned char a)
+{
+    gr_current_r = r;
+    gr_current_g = g;
+    gr_current_b = b;
+    gr_current_a = a;
+}
+
+void gr_clear()
+{
+    if (gr_current_r == gr_current_g &&
+        gr_current_r == gr_current_b) {
+        memset(gr_draw->data, gr_current_r, gr_draw->height * gr_draw->row_bytes);
+    } else {
+        int x, y;
+        unsigned char* px = gr_draw->data;
+        for (y = 0; y < gr_draw->height; ++y) {
+            for (x = 0; x < gr_draw->width; ++x) {
+                *px++ = gr_current_r;
+                *px++ = gr_current_g;
+                *px++ = gr_current_b;
+                px++;
+            }
+            px += gr_draw->row_bytes - (gr_draw->width * gr_draw->pixel_bytes);
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 void gr_fill(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2)
@@ -285,48 +322,82 @@
     x2 += overscan_offset_x;
     y2 += overscan_offset_y;
 
-    GGLContext *gl = gr_context;
-    gl->disable(gl, GGL_TEXTURE_2D);
-    gl->recti(gl, x1, y1, x2, y2);
+    if (outside(x1, y1) || outside(x2-1, y2-1)) return;
+
+    unsigned char* p = gr_draw->data + y1 * gr_draw->row_bytes + x1 * gr_draw->pixel_bytes;
+    if (gr_current_a == 255) {
+        int x, y;
+        for (y = y1; y < y2; ++y) {
+            unsigned char* px = p;
+            for (x = x1; x < x2; ++x) {
+                *px++ = gr_current_r;
+                *px++ = gr_current_g;
+                *px++ = gr_current_b;
+                px++;
+            }
+            p += gr_draw->row_bytes;
+        }
+    } else if (gr_current_a > 0) {
+        int x, y;
+        for (y = y1; y < y2; ++y) {
+            unsigned char* px = p;
+            for (x = x1; x < x2; ++x) {
+                *px = (*px * (255-gr_current_a) + gr_current_r * gr_current_a) / 255;
+                ++px;
+                *px = (*px * (255-gr_current_a) + gr_current_g * gr_current_a) / 255;
+                ++px;
+                *px = (*px * (255-gr_current_a) + gr_current_b * gr_current_a) / 255;
+                ++px;
+                ++px;
+            }
+            p += gr_draw->row_bytes;
+        }
+    }
 }
 
-void gr_blit(gr_surface source, int sx, int sy, int w, int h, int dx, int dy) {
-    if (gr_context == NULL || source == NULL) {
+void gr_blit(GRSurface* source, int sx, int sy, int w, int h, int dx, int dy) {
+    if (source == NULL) return;
+
+    if (gr_draw->pixel_bytes != source->pixel_bytes) {
+        printf("gr_blit: source has wrong format\n");
         return;
     }
-    GGLContext *gl = gr_context;
 
     dx += overscan_offset_x;
     dy += overscan_offset_y;
 
-    gl->bindTexture(gl, (GGLSurface*) source);
-    gl->texEnvi(gl, GGL_TEXTURE_ENV, GGL_TEXTURE_ENV_MODE, GGL_REPLACE);
-    gl->texGeni(gl, GGL_S, GGL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GGL_ONE_TO_ONE);
-    gl->texGeni(gl, GGL_T, GGL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GGL_ONE_TO_ONE);
-    gl->enable(gl, GGL_TEXTURE_2D);
-    gl->texCoord2i(gl, sx - dx, sy - dy);
-    gl->recti(gl, dx, dy, dx + w, dy + h);
+    if (outside(dx, dy) || outside(dx+w-1, dy+h-1)) return;
+
+    unsigned char* src_p = source->data + sy*source->row_bytes + sx*source->pixel_bytes;
+    unsigned char* dst_p = gr_draw->data + dy*gr_draw->row_bytes + dx*gr_draw->pixel_bytes;
+
+    int i;
+    for (i = 0; i < h; ++i) {
+        memcpy(dst_p, src_p, w * source->pixel_bytes);
+        src_p += source->row_bytes;
+        dst_p += gr_draw->row_bytes;
+    }
 }
 
-unsigned int gr_get_width(gr_surface surface) {
+unsigned int gr_get_width(GRSurface* surface) {
     if (surface == NULL) {
         return 0;
     }
-    return ((GGLSurface*) surface)->width;
+    return surface->width;
 }
 
-unsigned int gr_get_height(gr_surface surface) {
+unsigned int gr_get_height(GRSurface* surface) {
     if (surface == NULL) {
         return 0;
     }
-    return ((GGLSurface*) surface)->height;
+    return surface->height;
 }
 
 static void gr_init_font(void)
 {
     gr_font = calloc(sizeof(*gr_font), 1);
 
-    int res = res_create_surface("font", (void**)&(gr_font->texture));
+    int res = res_create_surface("font", &(gr_font->texture));
     if (res == 0) {
         // The font image should be a 96x2 array of character images.  The
         // columns are the printable ASCII characters 0x20 - 0x7f.  The
@@ -340,7 +411,8 @@
         gr_font->texture = malloc(sizeof(*gr_font->texture));
         gr_font->texture->width = font.width;
         gr_font->texture->height = font.height;
-        gr_font->texture->stride = font.width;
+        gr_font->texture->row_bytes = font.width;
+        gr_font->texture->pixel_bytes = 1;
 
         unsigned char* bits = malloc(font.width * font.height);
         gr_font->texture->data = (void*) bits;
@@ -355,17 +427,61 @@
         gr_font->cwidth = font.cwidth;
         gr_font->cheight = font.cheight;
     }
-
-    // interpret the grayscale as alpha
-    gr_font->texture->format = GGL_PIXEL_FORMAT_A_8;
 }
 
+#if 0
+// Exercises many of the gr_*() functions; useful for testing.
+static void gr_test() {
+    GRSurface** images;
+    int frames;
+    int result = res_create_multi_surface("icon_installing", &frames, &images);
+    if (result < 0) {
+        printf("create surface %d\n", result);
+        gr_exit();
+        return;
+    }
+
+    time_t start = time(NULL);
+    int x;
+    for (x = 0; x <= 1200; ++x) {
+        if (x < 400) {
+            gr_color(0, 0, 0, 255);
+        } else {
+            gr_color(0, (x-400)%128, 0, 255);
+        }
+        gr_clear();
+
+        gr_color(255, 0, 0, 255);
+        gr_surface frame = images[x%frames];
+        gr_blit(frame, 0, 0, frame->width, frame->height, x, 0);
+
+        gr_color(255, 0, 0, 128);
+        gr_fill(400, 150, 600, 350);
+
+        gr_color(255, 255, 255, 255);
+        gr_text(500, 225, "hello, world!", 0);
+        gr_color(255, 255, 0, 128);
+        gr_text(300+x, 275, "pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs", 1);
+
+        gr_color(0, 0, 255, 128);
+        gr_fill(gr_draw->width - 200 - x, 300, gr_draw->width - x, 500);
+
+        gr_flip();
+    }
+    printf("getting end time\n");
+    time_t end = time(NULL);
+    printf("got end time\n");
+    printf("start %ld end %ld\n", (long)start, (long)end);
+    if (end > start) {
+        printf("%.2f fps\n", ((double)x) / (end-start));
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
 int gr_init(void)
 {
-    gglInit(&gr_context);
-    GGLContext *gl = gr_context;
-
     gr_init_font();
+
     gr_vt_fd = open("/dev/tty0", O_RDWR | O_SYNC);
     if (gr_vt_fd < 0) {
         // This is non-fatal; post-Cupcake kernels don't have tty0.
@@ -377,25 +493,16 @@
         return -1;
     }
 
-    gr_fb_fd = get_framebuffer(gr_framebuffer);
-    if (gr_fb_fd < 0) {
+    if (get_framebuffer(&gr_framebuffer) < 0) {
         gr_exit();
         return -1;
     }
 
-    get_memory_surface(&gr_mem_surface);
-
     printf("framebuffer: fd %d (%d x %d)\n",
-           gr_fb_fd, gr_framebuffer[0].width, gr_framebuffer[0].height);
+           gr_fb_fd, gr_draw->width, gr_draw->height);
 
-        /* start with 0 as front (displayed) and 1 as back (drawing) */
-    gr_active_fb = 0;
-    set_active_framebuffer(0);
-    gl->colorBuffer(gl, &gr_mem_surface);
-
-    gl->activeTexture(gl, 0);
-    gl->enable(gl, GGL_BLEND);
-    gl->blendFunc(gl, GGL_SRC_ALPHA, GGL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);
+    gr_flip();
+    gr_flip();
 
     gr_fb_blank(true);
     gr_fb_blank(false);
@@ -408,26 +515,24 @@
     close(gr_fb_fd);
     gr_fb_fd = -1;
 
-    free(gr_mem_surface.data);
-
     ioctl(gr_vt_fd, KDSETMODE, (void*) KD_TEXT);
     close(gr_vt_fd);
     gr_vt_fd = -1;
+
+    if (!double_buffered) {
+        if (gr_draw) free(gr_draw->data);
+        free(gr_draw);
+    }
 }
 
 int gr_fb_width(void)
 {
-    return gr_framebuffer[0].width - 2*overscan_offset_x;
+    return gr_draw->width - 2*overscan_offset_x;
 }
 
 int gr_fb_height(void)
 {
-    return gr_framebuffer[0].height - 2*overscan_offset_y;
-}
-
-gr_pixel *gr_fb_data(void)
-{
-    return (unsigned short *) gr_mem_surface.data;
+    return gr_draw->height - 2*overscan_offset_y;
 }
 
 void gr_fb_blank(bool blank)
diff --git a/minui/minui.h b/minui/minui.h
index 5c0defc..cb930cc 100644
--- a/minui/minui.h
+++ b/minui/minui.h
@@ -23,22 +23,30 @@
 extern "C" {
 #endif
 
-typedef void* gr_surface;
-typedef unsigned short gr_pixel;
+typedef struct {
+    int width;
+    int height;
+    int row_bytes;
+    int pixel_bytes;
+    unsigned char* data;
+} GRSurface;
+
+typedef GRSurface* gr_surface;
 
 int gr_init(void);
 void gr_exit(void);
 
 int gr_fb_width(void);
 int gr_fb_height(void);
-gr_pixel *gr_fb_data(void);
+
 void gr_flip(void);
 void gr_fb_blank(bool blank);
 
+void gr_clear();  // clear entire surface to current color
 void gr_color(unsigned char r, unsigned char g, unsigned char b, unsigned char a);
 void gr_fill(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2);
-int gr_text(int x, int y, const char *s, int bold);
- void gr_texticon(int x, int y, gr_surface icon);
+void gr_text(int x, int y, const char *s, int bold);
+void gr_texticon(int x, int y, gr_surface icon);
 int gr_measure(const char *s);
 void gr_font_size(int *x, int *y);
 
diff --git a/minui/resources.c b/minui/resources.c
index 5ad9b1d..df813cb 100644
--- a/minui/resources.c
+++ b/minui/resources.c
@@ -27,25 +27,26 @@
 #include <linux/fb.h>
 #include <linux/kd.h>
 
-#include <pixelflinger/pixelflinger.h>
-
 #include <png.h>
 
 #include "minui.h"
 
 extern char* locale;
 
-// libpng gives "undefined reference to 'pow'" errors, and I have no
-// idea how to convince the build system to link with -lm.  We don't
-// need this functionality (it's used for gamma adjustment) so provide
-// a dummy implementation to satisfy the linker.
-double pow(double x, double y) {
-    return x * y;
+#define SURFACE_DATA_ALIGNMENT 8
+
+static gr_surface malloc_surface(size_t data_size) {
+    unsigned char* temp = malloc(sizeof(GRSurface) + data_size + SURFACE_DATA_ALIGNMENT);
+    if (temp == NULL) return NULL;
+    gr_surface surface = (gr_surface) temp;
+    surface->data = temp + sizeof(GRSurface) +
+        (SURFACE_DATA_ALIGNMENT - (sizeof(GRSurface) % SURFACE_DATA_ALIGNMENT));
+    return surface;
 }
 
 int res_create_surface(const char* name, gr_surface* pSurface) {
     char resPath[256];
-    GGLSurface* surface = NULL;
+    gr_surface surface = NULL;
     int result = 0;
     unsigned char header[8];
     png_structp png_ptr = NULL;
@@ -100,9 +101,8 @@
 
     int channels = png_get_channels(png_ptr, info_ptr);
 
-    if (!(bit_depth == 8 &&
+    if (!(bit_depth <= 8 &&
           ((channels == 3 && color_type == PNG_COLOR_TYPE_RGB) ||
-           (channels == 4 && color_type == PNG_COLOR_TYPE_RGBA) ||
            (channels == 1 && (color_type == PNG_COLOR_TYPE_PALETTE ||
                               color_type == PNG_COLOR_TYPE_GRAY))))) {
         return -7;
@@ -110,30 +110,20 @@
     }
 
     size_t stride = (color_type == PNG_COLOR_TYPE_GRAY ? 1 : 4) * width;
-    size_t pixelSize = stride * height;
 
-    surface = malloc(sizeof(GGLSurface) + pixelSize);
+    surface = malloc_surface(stride * height);
     if (surface == NULL) {
         result = -8;
         goto exit;
     }
-    unsigned char* pData = (unsigned char*) (surface + 1);
-    surface->version = sizeof(GGLSurface);
+    unsigned char* pData = surface->data;
     surface->width = width;
     surface->height = height;
-    surface->stride = width; /* Yes, pixels, not bytes */
-    surface->data = pData;
-    surface->format = (channels == 3) ? GGL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBX_8888 :
-        ((color_type == PNG_COLOR_TYPE_PALETTE ? GGL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888 : GGL_PIXEL_FORMAT_L_8));
+    surface->row_bytes = stride;
+    surface->pixel_bytes = (color_type == PNG_COLOR_TYPE_GRAY ? 1 : 4);
 
-    int alpha = 0;
-    if (color_type == PNG_COLOR_TYPE_PALETTE) {
-        png_set_palette_to_rgb(png_ptr);
-    }
-    if (png_get_valid(png_ptr, info_ptr, PNG_INFO_tRNS)) {
-        png_set_tRNS_to_alpha(png_ptr);
-        alpha = 1;
-    }
+    int alpha = (channels == 4);
+    png_set_expand(png_ptr);
     if (color_type == PNG_COLOR_TYPE_GRAY) {
         alpha = 1;
     }
@@ -188,7 +178,7 @@
     png_structp png_ptr = NULL;
     png_infop info_ptr = NULL;
     int i;
-    GGLSurface** surface = NULL;
+    gr_surface* surface = NULL;
 
     *pSurface = NULL;
     *frames = -1;
@@ -240,9 +230,8 @@
 
     int channels = png_get_channels(png_ptr, info_ptr);
 
-    if (!(bit_depth == 8 &&
+    if (!(bit_depth <= 8 &&
           ((channels == 3 && color_type == PNG_COLOR_TYPE_RGB) ||
-           (channels == 4 && color_type == PNG_COLOR_TYPE_RGBA) ||
            (channels == 1 && (color_type == PNG_COLOR_TYPE_PALETTE ||
                               color_type == PNG_COLOR_TYPE_GRAY))))) {
         return -7;
@@ -271,38 +260,21 @@
     size_t stride = (color_type == PNG_COLOR_TYPE_GRAY ? 1 : 4) * width;
     size_t pixelSize = stride * height / *frames;
 
-    surface = malloc(*frames * sizeof(GGLSurface*));
+    surface = malloc(*frames * sizeof(gr_surface));
     if (surface == NULL) {
         result = -8;
         goto exit;
     }
     for (i = 0; i < *frames; ++i) {
-        surface[i] = malloc(sizeof(GGLSurface) + pixelSize);
-        surface[i]->version = sizeof(GGLSurface);
+        surface[i] = malloc_surface(pixelSize);
         surface[i]->width = width;
         surface[i]->height = height / *frames;
-        surface[i]->stride = width; /* Yes, pixels, not bytes */
-        surface[i]->data = (unsigned char*) (surface[i] + 1);
-
-        if (channels == 3) {
-            surface[i]->format = GGL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBX_8888;
-        } else if (color_type == PNG_COLOR_TYPE_PALETTE) {
-            surface[i]->format = GGL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888;
-        } else if (channels == 1) {
-            surface[i]->format = GGL_PIXEL_FORMAT_L_8;
-        } else {
-            surface[i]->format = GGL_PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888;
-        }
+        surface[i]->row_bytes = stride;
+        surface[i]->pixel_bytes = (color_type == PNG_COLOR_TYPE_GRAY ? 1 : 4);
     }
 
     int alpha = (channels == 4);
-    if (color_type == PNG_COLOR_TYPE_PALETTE) {
-        png_set_palette_to_rgb(png_ptr);
-    }
-    if (png_get_valid(png_ptr, info_ptr, PNG_INFO_tRNS)) {
-        png_set_tRNS_to_alpha(png_ptr);
-        alpha = 1;
-    }
+    png_set_expand(png_ptr);
     if (color_type == PNG_COLOR_TYPE_GRAY) {
         alpha = 1;
     }
@@ -376,7 +348,7 @@
 
 int res_create_localized_surface(const char* name, gr_surface* pSurface) {
     char resPath[256];
-    GGLSurface* surface = NULL;
+    gr_surface surface = NULL;
     int result = 0;
     unsigned char header[8];
     png_structp png_ptr = NULL;
@@ -430,12 +402,14 @@
             &color_type, NULL, NULL, NULL);
     int channels = png_get_channels(png_ptr, info_ptr);
 
-    if (!(bit_depth == 8 &&
+    if (!(bit_depth <= 8 &&
           (channels == 1 && color_type == PNG_COLOR_TYPE_GRAY))) {
         return -7;
         goto exit;
     }
 
+    png_set_expand(png_ptr);
+
     unsigned char* row = malloc(width);
     png_uint_32 y;
     for (y = 0; y < height; ++y) {
@@ -448,19 +422,17 @@
         if (y+1+h >= height || matches_locale(loc)) {
             printf("  %20s: %s (%d x %d @ %d)\n", name, loc, w, h, y);
 
-            surface = malloc(sizeof(GGLSurface));
+            surface = malloc_surface(w*h);
             if (surface == NULL) {
                 result = -8;
                 goto exit;
             }
-            unsigned char* pData = malloc(w*h);
+            unsigned char* pData = surface->data;
 
-            surface->version = sizeof(GGLSurface);
             surface->width = w;
             surface->height = h;
-            surface->stride = w; /* Yes, pixels, not bytes */
-            surface->data = pData;
-            surface->format = GGL_PIXEL_FORMAT_A_8;
+            surface->row_bytes = w;
+            surface->pixel_bytes = 1;
 
             int i;
             for (i = 0; i < h; ++i, ++y) {
@@ -493,8 +465,5 @@
 }
 
 void res_free_surface(gr_surface surface) {
-    GGLSurface* pSurface = (GGLSurface*) surface;
-    if (pSurface) {
-        free(pSurface);
-    }
+    free(surface);
 }